Authors
1
Director of Psychology Department, Islamic Azad University, Qom Branch
2
Islamic Azad University, Qom Branch
3
Islamic Azad University, Saveh Branch
,
Document Type : علمی- پژوهشی
Abstract
purpose: The purpose of this study was to achieve a non-pharmacological effective way to modify behavioral problems in mothers with ADHD children.
Method: The statistical population at Qom city was determined by a general call for mothers with ADHD children, and 20 subjects were selected as samples through simple random sampling.
The research samples were randomly assigned into two equal groups of experimental and control group, and pre-test, post-test and follow-up tests were conducted on them. The experimental group experienced aerobic training 8 weeks, per week 3 sessions for 45 minutes. Anxiety and depression questionnaires of DASS-21 (1995) and life orientation of Sheyer & Carver (1985) and Happiness of Oxford (1989) were used. The ANCOVA’s statistical model was used to analyze data.
Results: The findings showed that aerobic exercise in the posttest and follow-up stages reduced the depression and anxiety of mothers of ADHD children and increased their life orientation and happiness in the experimental group.
Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, it is suggested that aerobic exercises be used as an appropriate therapeutic strategy, free of side effects, and available to improve the physical and mental health of mothers with ADHD children.
- American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
- Disorder. (2013); 5th Edition: 59-65.
- National Institute of Mental Health. 2008. Feb; 121(2): e358â65
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Mental health in the United States: prevalence of diagnosis and medication treatment for attention- deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. (2005); 54, 842â847.
- Segal ES. Learned Mothering: Raising a Child with ADHD. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal. (2003); 18(4): 263-279.
- Whalen, CK. Henker, B. Jamner, LD. Ishikawa, SS. Floro, JN. Swindle, R. et al. Toward mapping daily challenges of living with ADHD: maternal and child perspectives using electronic diaries. Journal Abnormal Child Psychology. (2006); 34(1): 115-130.
- Kristen, N. Dovgan, O. Mazurek. Differential Effects of Child Difficulties on Family Burdens across Diagnostic Groups Differential Effects of Child Difficulties on Family Burdens across Diagnostic Groups March. (2018); Volume 27, Issue 3, pp 872â884
- Finzi-Dottan, R. Triwitz, YS. Golubchik, P. Predictors of stress-related growth in parents of children with ADHD. Research in Developmental Disabilities. (2011); 32(2): 510-519.
- Chen, M. Seipp, C M. Johnston, C. Mothersâ and Fathersâ Attributions and Beliefs in Families of Girls and Boys with Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder. Child Psychiatry and Human Development. (2008); 39: 85â99.
- Shur, S. Gau, F. Parental and family factors for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Taiwanese children. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry.
- (2007); 41(8): 688 â 696.
- Chronis, A M. Lahey, B B. Pelham, W E. Williams, S H. Baumann, B L. Kipp, H. et al. Maternal depression and early positive parenting predict future conduct problems in young children with attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder. Developmental Psychology. (2007); 43: 70â82.
- Fikriyyah, S. Benya Adriani, R. Murt, B. What are the Factors that Affect the Risk of Parenting Stress in Mothers with Disability Children? A New Evidence from Sukoharjo, Central Java Journal of Maternal and Child Health. (2018); 3(2): 156-165.
- Miranda, A. Jarque, S. Rosel, J. Treatment of children with ADHD: Psycho pedagogical program at school versus psychostimulant medications. Psicothema. 2006; 18(3): 335-341
- Gagliano, A. Lamberti, M. Siracusano, R. Ciuffo, M. Boncoddo, M. Maggio, R. et al. A comparison between children with ADHD and children with epilepsy in self-esteem and parental stress level. Clinical Practice & Epidemiology in Mental Health. 2014; 10: 176â183
- Miranda, A. Tarraga, R. Fernandez, M I. Colomer, C. Pastor, G. Parenting stress in families of children with autism spectrum disorder and ADHD. Exceptional Children. 2015; 82: 81â95
- Sollie, H. Mørch, W. Larsson, B. Parent and family characteristics and their associates in a follow-up of outpatient children with ADHD. J. Child Fam. Stud. 2016; 25: 2571â2584.
- Li, J. Lansford, JE. A smartphone-based ecological momentary assessment of parental behavioral consistency: Associations with parental stress and child ADHD symptoms. Dev Psychol. 2018; 54(6):1086-1098
- Muqtadai, K. Salehi, M. Mohammadian, Y. Hanijani I. The relationship between meta-cognitive components with anxiety and depression in mothers with children with attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder and their comparison with normal children's mothers. Journal of Research in Behavioral Sciences. 2012; Vol. 11: 18-29. (In Persian)
- Read, J. Williams, J. Adverse Effects of Antidepressants Reported by a Large International Cohort: Emotional Blunting, Suicidality, and Withdrawal Effects. Current Drug Safety Journal. 2018; 13(3): 176-186
- Safavinaini, Kh. Comparison of the effect of aerobic exercise and physical exercises on symptoms of premenstrual syndrome in women in Shiraz. Journal of Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University. 2011; 18(3): 177-180. (In Persian)
- Fallah, L. Azimi, H. Sadeghi, T. The effect of walking and aerobics on physical, psychological and pain symptoms of premenstrual syndrome. Journal of Nursing Care Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (Iranian Journal of Nursing). 2011; Volume 25, Issue 80: 55-46. (In Persian)
- Lowdermilk, P. Maternal child nursing care. 2006; 7th ed. Canada: Mosby
- Ahlskog, E. Aerobic Exercise: Evidence for a Direct Brain Effect to Slow Parkinson Disease Progression. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2018; Volume 93, Issue 3, 360â372.
- Firth, J. Stubbs, B. Vancampfort, D. Barreto Schuch, F. Lagopoulosi, J. Rosenbaumjk, S. Wardjl Ph B. Effect of aerobic exercise on hippocampal volume in humans: A systematic review and meta-analysis. NeuroImage. 2018; 166: 230-238
- Johnson, EG. Larsen, A. Ozawa, H. Wilson, CA. Kennedy, KL. The effects of Pilates-based exercise on dynamic balance in healthy adults. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies. 2007; 11(3): 238-242
- Kolet, G. Schofield, GM. Kerse, N. Garrett, N. Ashton, T. Patel, A. Healthy steps trial: the effect of a primary care physical activity program on quality of in low active older adults. Journal of science and medicine in sport. 2012; 10(3): 206-212
- Peterson, C. Seligman, M E. Character strengths and virtues: A hand book and classification. 2004; New York: Oxford University Press
- Shogren, KA. Lopez, Sh J. Wehmeyed, ML. Little, TD. Pressgrove, C L. The role of Positive Psychology constructs in predicting life satisfaction in adolescents with and without cognitive disabilities: Exploratory study The Journal of Positive Psychology. 2006; 1(1): 37-52
- Snyder, CR. Lopez, SG. Positive Psychology, New York: Oxford University Press; 2012. 231-243
- Valois, R. Zulling, K. Huebner, ES. Drane, JW. Physical activity behaviors and perceived life satisfaction among public high school adolescents. Journal of school Health. 2004; 74(2):59-65
- Hirth, A. Sharifi, A. Fathi, M. The Effectiveness of Spiritual Intelligence in Optimistic Couples in Isfahan. Cognitive Behavioral Sciences Research. 2011; 1 (1): 9-22. (In Persian)
- Kimia, S. Beigi, F. Comparison of family functions of mothers of healthy children and " Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder " children and the effect of problem- solving skills on family functions of mothers. Journal of Behavioral Sciences. 2010; 4(2): 141-147. (In Persian)
- Kianian, T. Kermansaravi, F. Saber, S. Aghamohamadi, F. The Impact of Aerobic and Anaerobic Exercises on the Level of Depression, Anxiety, Stress and Happiness of Non-Athlete Male. Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Sciences: January 2018; 20 (1); e14349.
- Goldfield, G. Kenny, G. Prud'homme, D. Angela, S. Albergah, A. Camerona Doucett, S. et.al. Effects of aerobic training, resistance training, or both on brain-derived neurotrophic factor in adolescents with obesity: The hearty randomized controlled trial. Physiology & Behavior. 2018; 191: 138-148
- Kekalinen, T. Kokko, k. Sipila, S. Walker, S. Effects of a 9-month resistance training intervention on quality of life, sense of coherence, and depressive symptoms in older adults: randomized controlled trial. Quality of Life Researc. 2018; 27(2):455â465
- Myrna, M. Marc, J. Warner, V.Pilowsk, D. Gathibandhe Kohad, R. Verdeli, H. Skipper, J. Talati, A. Exercise as a treatment for depression: A meta-analysis adjusting for publication bias. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2016; Volume 77: 42-51
- Alderman, B L. Olson, R L. Brush, C J. Shors, T J. combining meditation and aerobic exercise reduces depression and rumination while enhancing synchronized brain activity. Translational Psychiatry volume. 2016; 6, e726
- Linda, M. Monique, O. VenKarin, T. Witteman Clemens, M. Hosman, H. The Relation Between Parental Mental Illness and Adolescent Mental Health: The Role of Family Factors. Journal of Child and Family Studies. 2014; 23 (7): 1201â1214
- Kroll, LS. Sjodahl Hammarlund, C. Gard, G. Jensen, RH. Bendtsen, L. Has aerobic exercise effect on pain perception in persons with migraine and coexisting tensionâtype headache and neck pain? A randomized, controlled, clinical trial. European Journal of Pain. 2018; 22(8): 1399-1408
- Ten Brinke, L. Liang, Ch. Riley Best, J. Barha, CK. Liu Ambrose, T. Increased Aerobic Fitness Is Associated with Cortical Thickness in Older Adults with Mild Vascular Cognitive Impairment. Journal of Cognitive Enhancement. 2018; 2 (2): 157â169