https://mbsp.sbu.ac.ir/ Sports Psychology en daily 1 Sat, 21 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0330 Sat, 21 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0330 https://mbsp.sbu.ac.ir/article_102908.html Purpose: The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of throw distance, mental fatigue and muscular fatigue on throw accuracy and movement time in dart throwing skill.Methods: This is a quasi-experimental research with a pretest-posttest design. Twenty eight right-handed male and female participated in this study. They had no regular experience in throwing darts. Data were collected from the dart throwing task in six experimental conditions. After checking the normality of data distribution, 3x2 analysis of variance test was used with repeated measurements at a significance level of 0.05.Results: The results showed that the main effect of fatigue (p = 0.001) and the main effect of throw distance (p=0.001), was significant on the throwing accuracy. However, no significant interaction effect was observed (p=0.401). Also, the main effect of fatigue (p = 0.001) and the main effect of throwing distance (p = 0.001) on movement time were significant. However, no significant interaction effect was observed (p = 0.909). Conclusion: Mental and muscular fatigue can negatively affect the performance accuracy. On the other hand, the movement time decreases by reducing the amount of force during muscular fatigue. Also, increasing the throw distance can reduce the movement time to produce the required force and thus reduce the throw accuracy. https://mbsp.sbu.ac.ir/article_103475.html Purpose: Modeling of observation-based training provides a method for beginners who can prepare to acquire different skills and perform tasks under pressure. This study aimed to investigate the effect of observational learning with gaze guidance on the performance of basketball free throws in novices.Methods: A sample of 24 participants with a mean age of 26.37 ± 3.12 were randomly divided into two observation groups, one with gaze guidance and one without, along with physical training. Pre- and post-tests were conducted to assess the participants' visual search model and basketball free-throw skills. The participants underwent five consecutive days of observational learning with and without gaze guidance, followed by physical training. The eye tracking data were analyzed using a mixed ANOVA of 2 (group) x 3 (measurement stage) at a significance level of 0.05.Results: It indicated that the group with gaze guidance during observational learning performed better, as evidenced by a lower number of fixations, longer fixation duration, and improved performance compared to the group without gaze guidance.Conclusion: The findings suggest that gaze guidance is crucial for effective observational learning in motor skills, as individuals may not fully comprehend information-rich areas without guidance. https://mbsp.sbu.ac.ir/article_106894.html Purpose: The present study aimed to determine a structural model for predicting premenstrual syndrome (PMS) symptoms in athlete girls based on early maladaptive schemas, with the mediating role of interpersonal problems and difficulties in emotion regulation.Methods: In terms of purpose, the study was applied research, and methodologically it employed a descriptive correlational design. The statistical population consisted of all female athletes in Qom city in 2025, from whom 320 participants were selected using convenience sampling. The research instruments included the Premenstrual Symptoms Assessment Scale, the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems, the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, and the short form of the Young Schema Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling with SPSS‑23 and AMOS‑23 software.Results: The results indicated that premenstrual syndrome symptoms were predicted by early maladaptive schemas through the mediating roles of interpersonal problems (Z = 3.73, P = 0.001) and difficulties in emotion regulation (Z = 4.11, P = 0.001) among athlete girls.Conclusion: These findings highlight the importance of interventions focused on schema modification, improvement of interpersonal skills, and strengthening emotion regulation to reduce the severity of PMS symptoms.  https://mbsp.sbu.ac.ir/article_103478.html Purpose: Strengthening visual perception increases visual processing and sports performance. The purpose of this study is to investigate the different levels of difficulty of executive control tasks on endogenous, exogenous, and inhibitory attention.Methods: The number of samples in this present was 42 girls (20-35 years old) beginners in table tennis, who were placed in four homogeneous groups (high difficulty/medium difficulty/low difficulty and control). In the pre-test phase, the participants first completed the attention networks test to check endogenous, exogenous, and inhibition attention and then performed special table tennis forehand skill exercises for eight sessions for 30 minutes. 24 hours after the last training session, the post-test was performed in the same way as the pre-test.Results: There was a statistically significant difference between the moderate task difficulty group and the endogenous attention variable control group. There was no significant difference between the groups in the exogenous attention pre-and post-test. In addition, all groups had a significant improvement in the post-test of the inhibition variable.Conclusion: This study showed the effectiveness of task difficulty in the moderate task difficulty group of endogenous attention and the effectiveness of task difficulty on task inhibition. Therefore, the research results can be used to design more effective exercises to increase visual perception. https://mbsp.sbu.ac.ir/article_104143.html Purpose: The aim of this research was to investigate the impact of motor learning-based mirror therapy (mMT) on the hand function of children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy (HCP). Methods: In this study, 26 children aged 7 to 12 years with HCP residing in Isfahan participated. Participants received interventions in the form of conventional mirror therapy (MT) and mMT over 7 weeks and 21 sessions. Data were collected using a demographic information questionnaire, the Modified Ashworth Scale, a goniometer, the Raven's Progressive Matrices test, clinical assessment of active and passive range of motion (ROM), and an accuracy throwing task. After ensuring the normal distribution of data, statistical tests including mixed-design ANOVA, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, independent samples t-test, and the Mann-Whitney U test were utilized. Results: In the variables of accuracy, active and passive ROM of the shoulder, and passive ROM of the wrist, participants in the mMT group showed significant differences in the post-test compared to the pre-test (P≤0.05). Unlike the pre-test, in the post-test, the mean accuracy scores were different between the mMT and MT groups (P≤0.05). In other variables, no significant differences were observed between the pre-test and post-test in both groups (P>0.05). Conclusion: The current study demonstrated that mMT is a more suitable method compared to MT for improving hand function in children with HCP https://mbsp.sbu.ac.ir/article_104739.html Purpose: The evidence indicates the improvement of sports performance and skills as a result of visualization and self-talk interventions, and the combination of these two exercises by using non-verbal information system and verbal information system can improve performance. Therefore, the purpose of research was carried out on strategic self-talk interventions and mental imagery on soccer dribbling skills.Methods: In this semi-experimental study, which was conducted with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group, among the girls aged 12 to 15 in Chadgan city who had no experience in soccer dribbling skills; 56 participants were selected in a purposeful way and were placed in four groups: strategic self-talk, visualization, strategic self-talk + visualization (combined) and control. The study included pre-test, intervention and post-test phases. In the pre-test phase, the participants performed the soccer dribbling skill in three attempts. The intervention phase was conducted in three weeks and three sessions each week and each session lasted 20 minutes, and the participants performed the relevant exercises. After finishing the training phase, the post-test phase was conducted in the same way as the pre-test phase. Results: The results showed that both the intervention of strategic self-talk, the intervention of mental imagery and the combination of these two interventions have a significant effect on improving the performance of soccer dribbling skills (P<0.05). Also, other results showed that the combination of strategic self-talk interventions and mental imagery, compared to the implementation of these interventions alone, statistically led to a better performance of soccer dribbling skills (P<0.05). https://mbsp.sbu.ac.ir/article_105757.html Purpose: The present study aims to employ the meta-analysis method to analyse and synthesise the findings of studies on the factors influencing vandalistic and violent behaviour among students with moderate to high physical activity levels.Methods: This descriptive study is fundamental research in terms of its purpose. Using the meta-analysis method, the study analyses studies conducted between 2011 and 2021 on violent behaviours in physically active students. The statistical population includes all domestic articles available in databases accessible to the researcher, which were analysed using CMA3 software.Results: A total of 28 studies were examined. The findings of the meta-analysis indicate that the following factors had the most significant impact on vandalistic and violent behaviour among students across various studies: alienation, parental discord, school punishment, association with delinquent peers, socio-economic status, sense of family belonging, social isolation, and relative deprivation.Conclusion: If the factors that lead to violent behaviour among students in schools or society can be controlled or eliminated through strategic interventions, instances of vandalistic and violent behaviour are likely to decrease https://mbsp.sbu.ac.ir/article_104159.html Purpose: The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of emotional excitation (positive and negative) before and after acquisition on the consolidation of children's motor memory.Methods: 60 children (9.42±2.68 years old) were selected based on the inclusion criteria and randomly divided into five control groups, positive emotional arousal before and after acquisition and negative emotional excitation before and after acquisition. Subjects performed 10 over-the-shoulder throws in the pre-test and 100 throws in the acquisition.To the subjects of the first and second experimental groups receiving positive emotional excitation, before and after the acquisition phase, respectively, a positive motivational video clip and pleasant photos, and to the subjects of the third and fourth experimental groups receiving negative emotional arousal, respectively before and after After the acquisition phase, violent and scary movie clips and unpleasant photos were presented. Results: The results of variance analysis with repeated measurements showed that the effect of training blocks in the acquisition phase is significant and the subjects of the negative emotional excitation groups before and after acquisition and control in all training blocks had a weaker performance than other groups (p=0/01). Conclusion: Creating positive emotional arousal before and after skill acquisition compared to negative excitation leads to higher motor memory consolidation https://mbsp.sbu.ac.ir/article_105515.html Purpose: Physical education and sports are essential components of education and crucial for promoting health in the younger generation. However, psychological needs of students have often been overlooked in research studies. This study aims to address this gap by developing and implementing a health-centered educational program in school sports classes to evaluate its impact on students' lifestyle and psychological characteristics. Methods: The participants in this study were ninth-grade female students in Shahrekord. The research tools included questionnaires on body image concerns, a short multidimensional life satisfaction scale, a standard sports participation motivation questionnaire, a lifestyle questionnaire, and a social anxiety questionnaire. Results: The findings indicated a positive change and increase in average scores for life satisfaction, sports participation motivation, and lifestyle at each stage of the program. Conversely, average scores for body image concerns and social anxiety decreased. Implementing the health-centered educational program, tailored to address students' psychological and social needs, resulted in better decision-making skills, improved mental health, and reduced social anxiety among students.Conclusion: It is recommended that future interventions focus on providing educational programs for teachers and parents that align with health-centered education in school sports classes. https://mbsp.sbu.ac.ir/article_105817.html Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of Self-Compassion Therapy on the sport success of shooters.Methods: A semi-experimental design with pre-test and post-test and a control group was used. The statistical population included female shooters aged 20 to 35 years, using competitive air guns in Isfahan. Participants were assigned to either the experimental group (n = 19) or the control group (n = 18) using an available sampling method. The experimental group received the Mindful Self-Compassion (MSC) treatment protocol based on Neff and Germer’s model over nine sessions. The research instrument was the Sport Success Scale (SSS). To analyze the data, Levene’s test and tests for homogeneity of regression slopes were used to assess assumptions, and multivariate covariance analysis (MANCOVA) was conducted to examine effectiveness at a significance level of 0.05.Results: Self-Compassion Therapy had a significant effect on the total sport success score and all subscales (Flow State, Attention, Technique, Commitment, Progress) among shooters (P < 0.05). However, no significant effect was observed on Sensitivity to Error (P > 0.05).Conclusion: Mindful Self-Compassion Therapy can be considered an effective intervention for enhancing sport success in shooters. https://mbsp.sbu.ac.ir/article_105874.html Purpose: The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of individual, group and collaborative exercises and games on developmental coordination disorder (DCD), self-efficacy and motor efficiency of children (9-11 year old girls) with DCD.Methods: A total of 60 female students with DCD were selected and randomly assigned to four equal groups of 15 people. In this study, DCDQ-07, self-efficacy questionnaire for children and adolescents, and the Bruninks-Ozeretsky Test were used for collecting data. Investigation program were done for 8 weeks, including three sessions a week, and each 45-minute session. Data analysis and testing were performed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Shapiro-Wilk tests, one-way variance analysis and Duncan's post hoc test.  https://mbsp.sbu.ac.ir/article_106122.html Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the role of learning motivation as a mediator in the connection between psychological capital and cognitive flexibility on students' cognitive performance in physical education.Methods: This study utilized a descriptive-correlational approach and applied structural equation modeling (PLS) to investigate the relationships. The study population consisted of male and female students in grades 10 to 12 from both public and private schools in Tehran during the academic year 2020-2021. A sample of 482 individuals was selected using multistage cluster sampling. Standardized questionnaires including Psychological Capital (PCQ), Dennis and VanderWaal's Cognitive Flexibility, Wallerand's Academic Motivation (AMS), and Niasse et al.'s Cognitive Performance were utilized for data collection. The validity and reliability of the instruments were confirmed through composite reliability, Cronbach's alpha, AVE, and the HTMT criterion. Data analysis was conducted using SmartPLS software and the bootstrap method.Results: The results indicated that psychological capital and cognitive flexibility had a significant impact on cognitive performance, both directly and through the mediation of learning motivation. Additionally, learning motivation, acting as a mediating factor, enhanced the relationship between the predictor and outcome variables. The path coefficients and model fit indices (CR, AVE, R², GOF, and HTMT) were deemed acceptable, and the final model demonstrated a good fit.Conclusion: The findings of this study underscore the significance of psychological and motivational factors in enhancing students' cognitive performance within the realm of physical education. These results can serve as a foundation for developing educational, counseling, and curriculum interventions. https://mbsp.sbu.ac.ir/article_105108.html Purpos e: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of traditional, creative, and exergaming methods on children's creative thinking and motor competency.Methods: The research method utilized a semi-experimental design with pre-test and post-test measurements in three experimental groups. The statistical population consisted of boys aged 6 to 8 years old in Kashan city. Forty-five boys within this age range were randomly selected and divided into three groups (creative games, traditional games, and exergaming) using a purposeful sampling method and based on study entry criteria. The participants engaged in 18 training sessions. The Test of Motor Competency (Sigmanson et al., 2016) and the Creative Thinking in Action and Movement test (Torrance, 1981) were administered during the pre- and post-test stages to collect data.Results: The results of the multivariate variance analysis indicated significant differences in mean scores for creative thinking (p= 0.001), fluidity components (p = 0.001), initiative (p = 0.001), flexibility (p=0.001), and motor competency (p=0.001) and its components among the creative game, traditional game, and exergaming groups. A comparison of averages revealed that creative games, traditional games, and exergaming all contributed to improvements in creative thinking and movement competency, with creative games showing the most significant effect.Conclusion: Trainers and lesson planners can enhance movement creativity and competency in educational curricula by incorporating games, particularly creative games, to provide more opportunities for development https://mbsp.sbu.ac.ir/article_106882.html Purpose: The study examines relationship between place attachment and sports participation motivation and mediating role of psychological needs of student athletes.Methods: In this descriptive-correlational research, 173 students active in Tabriz universities sports teams were selected by cluster random sampling. Then, questionnaires of place attachment, sports participation motivation, and basic psychological needs completed. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (p> 0.05) did not confirm the assumption of normality of the data; Therefore, the data were standardized using the Box-Cox method and through a structural equation model and step-by-step regression with alpha 0.05 through spss software version 26, Lisrel version 8; Checked.Results: all correlations are significant between place attachment and sports participation motivation and basic psychological needs, except between fame and relatedness, energy drain and autonomy, energy drain and relatedness. The results of regression test showed that model 1 and 2 predicts 0.32 and 0.52 units of changes in sports motivation-participation, respectively. In fact, by adding the variables of basic psychological needs, autonomy, competence, and relatedness, 0.2 units were aggrevate to prediction power of model 1. However, the only significant variable in model 1 and 2 is place identity, and place identity and basic psychological needs, respectively. Therefore, place identity and then basic psychological needs suppose to have the highest predictive power for sport participation motivation variable in this research.Conclusion: Place identity as a subscale of place attachment has an effect on the level of sports participation motivation of Tabriz university sports team students and basic psychological needs moderates this relationship. https://mbsp.sbu.ac.ir/article_105238.html Purpose: Mental fatigue is recognized as a significant factor influencing the reduction of cognitive and physical performance in athletes. This study aims to investigate the impact of mental fatigue on the relative power of brainwaves in pistol shooters using electroencephalography (EEG).Methods: The study involved 20 shooters divided into two groups: a mental fatigue group (10 participants) and a control group (10 participants). After fitting EEG caps, participants shot 15 rounds as a pre-test. They were then subjected to mental fatigue induced by the Stroop test for 30 minutes. A post-test similar to the pre-test was conducted afterward. Brainwave activity was measured using a 30-channel EEG device to calculate the relative power of theta to beta and alpha to beta ratios during both pre- and post-tests. Data analysis utilized MATLAB, EEGLAB, Excel, and SPSS, employing mixed ANOVA at a significance level of 0.05.Results: The results indicated that the effect of mental fatigue on the relative theta power over beta was more pronounced in the central and parietal regions. Additionally, the relative alpha power over beta also showed significant differences in the frontal, central, and parietal areas. This suggests a decrease in concentration and an increase in cognitive load among shooters.Conclusion: Therefore, the findings of this research can assist in improving strategies for managing mental fatigue by identifying the brain regions involved, based on the electrical activity of brain waves in athletes. This may aid coaches in designing training programs and optimizing athletes' performance. https://mbsp.sbu.ac.ir/article_106879.html Purpose: The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of high and low cognitive load along with decision practice on the acquisition of perceptual-motor skills.Methods: The participants were 36 students who were selected as available samples. For this purpose, 36 students were selected as available and were randomly divided into high cognitive load, low cognitive load, and control groups. At the pre-test, a video clip of 25 badminton serves was shown, which was occluded at the moment of the racket-ball contact. Participants anticipated the direction of the badminton long serve shots and the decision time was measured at the same time. Then, the experimental group performed decision training in the acquisition phase, and the control group just anticipated the direction of the shots. 48 hours, the post-test was performed Results: The results of the present study showed that the decision-training group with low cognitive load performed better in anticipation and decision-making than the decision-training group with high cognitive load and the control group, but the decision-training group with high cognitive load did not differ significantly from the control group.conclusion: High cognitive load leads to disturbances in the acquisition of perceptual-motor skills in beginners. https://mbsp.sbu.ac.ir/article_105913.html Objective: The present study aimed to predict social anxiety in athlete students based on early maladaptive schemas with mediated role of body shame and physical activity.Methods: This study was applied in terms of its purpose and correlational in terms of its method. The statistical population of this study consisted of all student athletes at Badrud Azad University in the fall of 2024, from which 320 people were selected by convenience sampling. The research instruments included the Social Phobia Inventory of Connor et al. (2000); the Young Schema Questionnaire-short form (1998); the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile of Walker et al. (1987); and the Body Image Shame Scale of Duarte et al. (2014). The structural model fit was examined using fit indices and SPSS-22 and AMOS-24 software. Results: The results showed that social anxiety in students is predicted based on early maladaptive schemas with the mediation of body shame (P=0.001, Z=3.73) and physical activity (P=0.001, Z=4.11). Conclusion: Based on the present findings, it is suggested to design educational programs to identify and modify early maladaptive schemas in student athletes. https://mbsp.sbu.ac.ir/article_106437.html Objective: This study aimed to compare personality types, coping styles, and emotion regulation difficulties between individuals diagnosed with cancer and healthy individuals, both groups characterized by low physical activity levels.Methods: Employing a descriptive, causal-comparative design, this research studied all rectal cancer patients from a hospital in Qom city and general population individuals. Through convenience sampling, 30 rectal cancer patients and 30 healthy individuals were selected. Assessment instruments included: Endler and Parker's (1990) Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations, Friedman and Rosenman's (2004) Personality Characteristics questionnaire, and Gratz and Roemer's (2004) Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. Data were analyzed using Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) in SPSS version 26.Results: The analysis revealed a significant Wilks' Lambda for group differences in coping styles, personality types, and emotion regulation difficulties (P < 0.05, F = 828.319), indicating substantial variations between rectal cancer patients and healthy individuals across these psychological dimensions.Conclusion: The findings demonstrate that rectal cancer diagnosis correlates with distinct psychological patterns compared to healthy individuals. Psychological interventions for rectal cancer patients should incorporate training in emotion regulation techniques and effective coping strategies.  https://mbsp.sbu.ac.ir/article_106259.html Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the effect of Interventional Imagery based on the PETTLEP method on the risk of falling, balance and spatio-temporal parameters of elderly men.Methods: To this end, 32 available and eligible elderly men were selected and divided into two groups of 16 in a simple random way, including one experimental group (PETTLEP Imagery) and the other control or non-intervention group. In the pre-test stage, after the MIQ-R Test and the MMSE cognitive test, the subjects walked barefoot 3 times in both the pre-and post-test stages on a 10-meter-long path, and the kinematic parameters of the step were measured, including: step length, step Speed, Step track and step speed variability percentage. The experimental group performed the exercises for 3 Weeks, 4 sessions and each session consisting of 12 minutes of listening to the audio related to the illustration. The findings were examined in two parts: descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. The results of the Shapiro-wilk test were also used to examine the natural distribution of data. In the context of the assumption of natural distribution of data, the compound variance analysis test 2 (group) was used in 2 (Test). Also, in a situation where the natural distribution of data was not established, Conclusions: The results showed that visualization will improve the physical and mental performance of the elderly. Therefore, Petlap based visualization that includes all the senses will lead to better results and increase effectiveness. https://mbsp.sbu.ac.ir/article_106880.html Abstract: Purpose: The aim of the current research was to investigate the effect of a linear and non-linear karate training course on the perceptual, attentional and motivational aspects of karate boys. Methods: For this purpose, 24 beginner karate kai were selected as available and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. Both groups trained according to their training protocol for 12 weeks and 3 sessions every week. Before and after the training course, the tests including visual search, spatial cueing and behavioral regulations were examined. Results: The results of the research using analysis of variance with repeated measurements showed that linear training had improved the visual search (in simple to medium test conditions, 0.001 ≤p≤0.05) and spatial cueing (0.02≤p≤0.04). Also, the results showed an increase in intrinsic (p= 0.03) and integrated motivation (p= 0.02) as a result of non-linear training. In addition, non-linear training was better than linear training in the most difficult conditions of the visual search test. Conclusion: Non-linear training will be better than linear training in the condition of high complexity. The results were explained by using the theory of disproportion, as well as the theory of information processing in linear education and dynamic systems in non-linear education, and finally, the theory of organismic integration and the theory of self-determination. https://mbsp.sbu.ac.ir/article_104812.html The Effect of Music-Based Interventions on Elderly Individuals with Different Cognitive Styles: A Study on Cardiovascular ActivityAbstractPurpose: Over the years, researchers have been seeking various ways to improve physical activity in the elderly. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of music-based interventions on cardiovascular activity in elderly individuals with different cognitive styles.Method: This applied research utilized a semi-experimental method with both within-group and between-group designs. The participants were 24 elderly individuals aged 65 to 75 years. In the first stage, after identifying the cognitive styles of the individuals using Witkin's Embedded Figures Questionnaire, the participants were divided into two groups: field-dependent and field-independent. Then, at a speed of three to five kilometers per hour for five to eight minutes under two different conditions (motivational music, no intervention), relative oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, respiratory exchange ratio, resting caloric consumption, and relative respiratory reserve percentage were measured using a respiratory gas analyzer.Results: The results of the repeated measures ANOVA showed that in the field-independent group, relative oxygen consumption (P = 0.001), carbon dioxide production (P = 0.001), respiratory exchange ratio (P = 0.008), and resting caloric consumption (P = 0.004) significantly decreased, and relative respiratory reserve percentage (P = 0.022) significantly increased. In the field-dependent group, only carbon dioxide production (P = 0.001) showed a significant decrease.Conclusion: It can be concluded that walking accompanied by motivational music improves cardiovascular activity variables in field-independent elderly individuals. https://mbsp.sbu.ac.ir/article_105936.html Purpose: The objective of this study was to examine the impact of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on kinematic variables related to postural control and fear of falling in elderly individuals who have experienced falls.Methods: This semi-experimental study utilized a pre-test-post-test design. The sample consisted of 15 healthy elderly individuals and 15 elderly individuals with a history of falls, with an average age of 67.5 ± 2.5 years, selected through convenience sampling based on specific criteria. Postural control was assessed using a computerized dynamic posturography sensory organization test. Kinematic variables, such as overall center of pressure velocity in anterior-posterior and medial-lateral directions, were measured across six different test conditions. Fear of falling was evaluated using the Falls Efficacy Scale-International (FES-I). Participants engaged in moderate-intensity aerobic exercise twice a week for six weeks. Data were analyzed using mixed analysis of variance and Bonferroni post-hoc tests.Results: The findings indicated that six weeks of aerobic exercise resulted in enhancements in kinematic variables related to postural control in all six test conditions and a reduction in fear of falling among elderly fallers (P<0.05), with significant improvements compared to healthy elderly individuals.Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it is recommended to incorporate moderate-intensity aerobic exercise to enhance kinematic variables of postural control and reduce fear of falling in elderly individuals. https://mbsp.sbu.ac.ir/article_106881.html Objective: The aim of the present study was to determine the Model of Structural Relations for Controlling Coach Behavior, Mental Toughness and Sports progress in Women's Karate Ka.Methods: This is descriptive and correlational study with the type of structural equation modeling in which 298 Karate Ka women aged 15 to 19 years old who have worked in the field for more than two years, Completed the Bartholomew Controlling Coach Behavior Scale and the Mousavi & Vaez Mousavi Sport Success Scale and also the Golby & Shird Sports Mental Toughness questionnaire. The analysis of data with using the SPSS software, and for structural equations modeling (SEM) with the Smart pls software has been used. Results: The results showed that the model has a good fit. According to the results, the controlling coach behavior has a negative effect on Sports progress of karate women. Also, controlling coach behavior had a direct negative effect on mental toughness. In addition, mental toughness has had a direct positive effect on Sports progress of karate women. Lastly, controlling coach behavior, mediated by mental toughness, had an indirect effect on Sports progress.Conclusion: Trainers' attitude and behavior towards their athletes not only influences their Sports progress but also affects their mental toughness. https://mbsp.sbu.ac.ir/article_105221.html Purpose: The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of self-presentation and passion for physical activity on exercise addiction on athlete students. Methods: This study was descriptive survey and based on structural equation modeling. The statistical population of this study consisted of four Tehran city public universities physical education students which 350 students selected randomly and complete Self-Presentation in Sport and Exercise, Passion for physical activity scale and Exercise Addiction Inventory-Short Form 324 questionnaires were usable. In order to data analysis structural equational modeling partial least square with using Smart Pls 3 was used. Results: results indicate that impression motivation and impression construct has positive significant effect on exercise addiction. Moreover, harmonious and obsessive passion has positive significant effect on exercise addiction. Also, model has good fit. Conclusion: with regard to result, self-presentation and passion are significant variables in exercise addiction. Therefore, suggested that universities officials accelerate the planning and action required to inform students of the symptoms and consequences of self-presentation and passion for physical activity and exercise addiction. https://mbsp.sbu.ac.ir/article_106884.html Introduction: Overcoming competition anxiety is one of the major issues athletes face in championship sports. The present study examines the effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on impulsivity and mental toughness of athletes with high competitive anxiety.Methods: This semi-experimental study used a pre-test, post-test design with a control group. The participants included competitive athletes over 16 years old in martial arts disciplines like Taekwondo, Karate, and Wrestling, who experienced the highest competitive anxiety. Among these athletes, 40 individuals who scored the highest in Smith et al.'s (1990) competitive anxiety measure were randomly assigned to experimental (mindfulness-based cognitive therapy) and control groups. Both groups completed self-report scales of mental toughness (Sheard et al., 2009) and impulsivity (Barratt et al., 1995) in the pre-test. The experimental group then received mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. In the end, both the control and experimental groups took a post-test, and the results were analyzed using covariance analysis after examining the homogeneity of variances.Findings: The results indicated that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy was effective in reducing impulsivity and improving mental toughness in martial arts athletes (p < 0.001).Conclusion: Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy can be used to help with impulsivity and mental toughness in athletes. https://mbsp.sbu.ac.ir/article_105502.html AbstractPurpose: The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on psychological indicators of stress, anxiety, and depression.Methods: This research was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. 20 male wheelchair basketball players were placed in two groups of 10 experimental and control randomly. We investigated the effect of four sessions of anodal tDCS stimulation with 2 mA for 20 minutes per session and with 3.5 x 3.5 cm electrodes on the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and the reference electrode was on the FP2 area. We evaluated the scores obtained from three psychological components (negative emotional states) using the DASS21 self-report questionnaire in two stages, pre-test and post-test. tDCS intervention was performed in resting conditions and in a relaxed state without motor or cognitive tasks. The data was analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance test. Using analysis of covariance, the results showed that the significant value obtained for all tests (0.001) was less than the critical level (α=0.05).Results: There is a significant difference between the scores of stress, anxiety and depression indices of the participants in the experimental group before and after the intervention, but this difference was not significant in the control group.Conclusion: The results showed that transcranial stimulation of the brain has an effect on some negative psychological components in athletes, which is probably caused by the modulation and facilitation of brain wave activity and membrane potentials in neurons caused by this method. https://mbsp.sbu.ac.ir/article_105818.html Purpose: Multiple sclerosis is a chronic and degenerative disease of the central nervous system, the symptoms of which have detrimental effects on the physical and mental health of individuals with MS. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of health literacy level and physical activity on social support, mental fatigue, and quality of life in patients with multiple sclerosisMethods: The present study was of a causal-comparative type. The statistical sample consisted of 97 individuals with MS, purposefully selected based on the study's inclusion criteria, The data collection instruments included the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) , Physical Activity, the Health Literacy ,the Mental Fatigue Symptoms , the Quality of Life in MS Patients , and the Social Support questionnaires.Results: The results demonstrated that both the level of health literacy and the level of physical activity significantly influenced social support, mental fatigue, and quality of life in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Specifically, patients with optimal health literacy and high physical activity reported the highest levels of social support and quality of life, and the lowest levels of mental fatigue. Conclusion: Individuals with MS, with a better understanding of their health status and participation in appropriate physical activity, not only benefit from higher social support and experience less mental fatigue but also significantly improve their quality of life. Therefore, the design and implementation of educational programs and interventions based on a healthy lifestyle are recommended for these patients. https://mbsp.sbu.ac.ir/article_105896.html Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of self-control approach in the form of self-talk on the performance and self-efficacy of elderly men. Methods: Thirty elderly men, with an age range of 60 years and above and an average age of 65.5, were selected voluntarily. First, a pre-test of balance performance was taken. Then, the subjects were divided into three groups of 10: self-control self-talk, instructor-controlled self-talk, and a control group. The participants practiced balance training with self-talk for 5 sessions. After the last training session, a post-test and a retention test were taken after 72 hours. Along with these tests, the participants completed a self-efficacy questionnaire. After completing the research steps, the information obtained was analyzed through analysis of variance. Results: Results demonstrated significantly superior performance in self-talk groups compared to controls during both acquisition and retention phases (p < .05). Additionally, these groups exhibited significantly higher self-efficacy measures. Conclusion: Collectively, findings indicate that self-talk as a self-control strategy serves as an effective cognitive intervention for enhancing motor performance and self-efficacy. https://mbsp.sbu.ac.ir/article_106393.html Purpose: This study aims to explore the relationships between personality types, executive functions, and cognitive interference in athletes. Methods: This descriptive correlational study involved 212 athletes from East Azerbaijan Province, selected via cluster random sampling across individual and team sports. Data were collected using questionnaires on demographic information, Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, cognitive interference, and a behavioural rating scale of executive functions in adults. Analyses included Pearson correlation coefficients in SPSS 26 and path analysis in Smart PLS 3. Results: Results showed introversion, sensing, and thinking dimensions were positively associated with executive functions and negatively associated with cognitive interference. Conversely, the judgment dimension showed a negative relationship with executive functions and a positive one with cognitive interference. These findings were inversely related to the reciprocal personality dimensions; extraversion, intuition, feeling, and perceiving. Additionally, a significant negative relationship was observed between executive functions and cognitive interference. Path analysis revealed that personality traits can predict cognitive interference both directly and indirectly through their influence on executive functions. Conclusion: All four personality dimensions were related to cognitive interference and executive function. Therefore, the mediation effect showed that the development of executive functions leads to a reduction in cognitive interference in athletes. https://mbsp.sbu.ac.ir/article_106883.html Purpose: The main purpose of the present study was to investigate the priority of mastery of the brain quadrants (thinking style) and its relationship with the effectiveness of sports managers' performance.Methods: The statistical population of the present study included all sports managers of Tehran province (officials, heads of sports teams and sports managers). In the present study, sampling was done in full and finally 175 people participated in the study. In order to collect data, in this research, with a holistic process approach, Herman's Brain Quarters Mastery Questionnaire and Managers Performance Effectiveness Questionnaire based on the Parsons Model were usedResults: The findings showed that there is a positive and significant correlation between the predictor variables (dominance of brain quadrants A-C-D) and the criterion variable (performance effectiveness) (P=0.001), so that the correlation between brain quadrant D and performance effectiveness It was more than other variables. While the relationship between quadrant B dominance and performance effectiveness was not significant. Also, the results of Friedman's test showed that there is a preference between the use of brain quadrants of sports managers (P=0.001), so that the priority of using brain quadrants included D, C, A and B quadrants respectively.Conclusion: The results of the current research confirmed the relationship between the effectiveness of performance and the coordination of the brain quadrants of sports managers, and the type of dominance of all brain quadrants of sports managers indicates whole brain thinking. These findings can predict the performance and effectiveness of sports managers.