Effect of Throw Distance, Mental Fatigue and Muscular Fatigue on Throw Accuracy and Movement Time in Dart Throwing Skill

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Department of Cognitive and Behavioural Sciences and Technology in Sport, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.

2 Biomechanics Lab., Rehabilitation Research Centre, and Department of Basic Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract

Purpose: The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of throw distance, mental fatigue and muscular fatigue on throw accuracy and movement time in dart throwing skill.

Methods: This is a quasi-experimental research with a pretest-posttest design. Twenty eight right-handed male and female participated in this study. They had no regular experience in throwing darts. Data were collected from the dart throwing task in six experimental conditions. After checking the normality of data distribution, 3x2 analysis of variance test was used with repeated measurements at a significance level of 0.05.

Results: The results showed that the main effect of fatigue (p = 0.001) and the main effect of throw distance (p=0.001), was significant on the throwing accuracy. However, no significant interaction effect was observed (p=0.401). Also, the main effect of fatigue (p = 0.001) and the main effect of throwing distance (p = 0.001) on movement time were significant. However, no significant interaction effect was observed (p = 0.909).

Conclusion: Mental and muscular fatigue can negatively affect the performance accuracy. On the other hand, the movement time decreases by reducing the amount of force during muscular fatigue. Also, increasing the throw distance can reduce the movement time to produce the required force and thus reduce the throw accuracy.

Keywords

References

  1. Newl K. Constraints on the development of coordination. Motor development in children: Aspects of coordination and control. 1986.
  2. Russell S, Jenkins D, Halson S, Kelly V. Changes in subjective mental and physical fatigue during netball games in elite development athletes. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 2020;23(6):615-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2019.12.017
  3. Hatami Bahmanbegloo Z, Farsi A, Hassanlouei H, M T. The effect of maximal and submaximal fatiguing muscle contractions on muscle synergy and postural control: interpolation twitch technique Sport Psychology. 2021;6(1):161-78. In Persian https://doi.org/10.48308/mbsp.6.1.161
  4. Branscheidt M, Kassavetis P, Anaya M, Rogers D, Huang HD, Lindquist MA, et al. Fatigue induces long-lasting detrimental changes in motor-skill learning. Elife. 2019;8:e40578. https://doi.org/10.7554/elife.40578
  5. Taylor JL. Motor control and motor learning under fatigue conditions. Routledge handbook of motor control and motor learning: Routledge; 2013. p. 358-88.
  6. Boksem MA, Tops M. Mental fatigue: costs and benefits. Brain research reviews. 2008;59(1):125-39.
  7. Gandevia SC. Spinal and supraspinal factors in human muscle fatigue. Physiological reviews. 2001.
  8. Enoka RM, Duchateau J. Muscle fatigue: what, why and how it influences muscle function. The Journal of physiology. 2008;586(1):11-23.
  9. Joseph H, Katleen M. Biomechanical basis of human movement. US: Lippincott Williams &Wikins. 2009.
  10. Fitts RH. Muscle fatigue: the cellular aspects. The American journal of sports medicine. 1996;24(6_suppl):S9-S13.
  11. Arendt-Nielsen L, Sinkjær T. Quantification of human dynamic muscle fatigue by electromyography and kinematic profiles. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology. 1991;1(1):1-8.
  12. Van der Linden D. The urge to stop: The cognitive and biological nature of acute mental fatigue. 2011.
  13. Van der Linden D, Eling P. Mental fatigue disturbs local processing more than global processing. Psychological research. 2006;70(5):395-402. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-005-0228-7
  14. Huysmans M, Hoozemans M, Van der Beek A, De Looze M, Van Dieën J. Fatigue effects on tracking performance and muscle activity. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology. 2008;18(3):410-9.
  15. Filipas L, Ferioli D, Banfi G, La Torre A, Vitale JA. Single and combined effect of acute sleep restriction and mental fatigue on basketball free-throw performance. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 2021;16(3):415-20. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2020-0142
  16. Le Mansec Y, Pageaux B, Nordez A, Dorel S, Jubeau M. Mental fatigue alters the speed and the accuracy of the ball in table tennis. Journal of sports sciences. 2018;36(23):2751-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2017.1418647
  17. Suzuki H, Swanik KA, Huxel KC, Kelly JD, Swanik CB. Alterations in upper extremity motion after scapular-muscle fatigue. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation. 2006;15(1):71-88.
  18. Missenard O, Mottet D, Perrey S. Adaptation of motor behavior to preserve task success in the presence of muscle fatigue. Neuroscience. 2009;161(3):773-86.
  19. Lidor R, Arnon M, Hershko Y, Maayan G, Falk B. Accuracy in a volleyball service test in rested and physical exertion conditions in elite and near-elite adolescent players. Journal of strength and conditioning research. 2007;21(3):937.
  20. Martin K, Thompson KG, Keegan R, Ball N, Rattray B. Mental fatigue does not affect maximal anaerobic exercise performance. European journal of applied physiology. 2015;115(4):715-25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-014-3052-1
  21. Pageaux B, Marcora SM, Lepers R. Prolonged mental exertion does not alter neuromuscular function of the knee extensors. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2013;45(12):2254-64. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e31829b504a
  22. Rozand V, Pageaux B, Marcora SM, Papaxanthis C, Lepers R. Does mental exertion alter maximal muscle activation? Frontiers in human neuroscience. 2014;8:755.
  23. Boksem MA, Meijman TF, Lorist MM. Effects of mental fatigue on attention: an ERP study. Cognitive brain research. 2005;25(1):107-16.
  24. Duncan MJ, Fowler N, George O, Joyce S, Hankey J. Mental fatigue negatively influences manual dexterity and anticipation timing but not repeated high-intensity exercise performance in trained adults. Research in Sports Medicine. 2015;23(1):1-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/15438627.2014.975811
  25. Boksem MA, Meijman TF, Lorist MM. Mental fatigue, motivation and action monitoring. Biological psychology. 2006;72(2):123-32.
  26. Lorist MM, Boksem MA, Ridderinkhof KR. Impaired cognitive control and reduced cingulate activity during mental fatigue. Cognitive Brain Research. 2005;24(2):199-205.
  27. Rozand V, Lebon F, Papaxanthis C, Lepers R. Effect of mental fatigue on speed–accuracy trade-off. Neuroscience. 2015;297:219-30.
  28. Smith MR, Coutts AJ, Merlini M, Deprez D, Lenoir M, Marcora SM. Mental fatigue impairs soccer-specific physical and technical performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2016;48(2):267-76.
  29. Singer RN. Sports performance: A five-step mental approach. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance. 1986;57(4):82-5.
  30. Van der Linden D, Frese M, Meijman TF. Mental fatigue and the control of cognitive processes: effects on perseveration and planning. Acta psychologica. 2003;113(1):45-65.
  31. Nakagawa J, An Q, Ishikawa Y, Oka H, Takakusaki K, Yamakawa H, et al. Analysis of human motor skill in dart throwing motion at different distance. SICE Journal of Control, Measurement, and System Integration. 2015;8(1):79-85. https://doi.org/10.9746/jcmsi.8.79
  32. Smeets JB, Frens MA, Brenner E. Throwing darts: timing is not the limiting factor. Experimental Brain Research. 2002;144(2):268-74.
  33. Van Veen V, Krug MK, Carter CS. The neural and computational basis of controlled speed-accuracy tradeoff during task performance. Journal of cognitive neuroscience. 2008;20(11):1952-65.
  34. Behrens M, Mau-Moeller A, Lischke A, Katlun F, Gube M, Zschorlich V, et al. Mental fatigue increases gait variability during dual-task walking in old adults. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A. 2018;73(6):792-7. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glx210
  35. Smith MR, Chai R, Nguyen HT, Marcora SM, Coutts AJ. Comparing the effects of three cognitive tasks on indicators of mental fatigue. The Journal of psychology. 2019;153(8):759-83. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2019.1611530
  36. Monk TH. A visual analogue scale technique to measure global vigor and affect. Psychiatry research. 1989;27(1):89-99.

37.Lee KA, Hicks G, Nino-Murcia G. Validity and reliability of a scale to assess fatigue. Psychiatry research. 1991;36(3):291-8.

  1. Ong NT, Lohse KR, Hodges NJ. Manipulating target size influences perceptions of success when learning a dart-throwing skill but does not impact retention. Frontiers in psychology. 2015;6:1378. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01378
  2. Lohse KR, Sherwood DE, Healy AF. How changing the focus of attention affects performance, kinematics, and electromyography in dart throwing. Human movement science. 2010;29(4):542-55.
  3. Johnston R, Howard ME, Cawley PW, Losse GM. Effect of lower extremity muscular fatigue on motor control performance. Medicine and science in sports and exercise. 1998;30(12):1703-7.
  4. Orishimo KF, Kremenic IJ, Mullaney MJ, McHugh MP, Nicholas SJ. Adaptations in single-leg hop biomechanics following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 2010;18(11):1587-93.
  5. Aghdasi M, Zamanisani H, Mafi S, B G. The comparison of the impact of learning styles and attention focus on learning of a discrete skill. Sport Psychology. 2018;3(1):87-98. In Persian https://doi.org/10.48308/mbsp.3.1.85
  6. Cohen JW. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. 2nd end ed: Hikadale,NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Assosiates; 1988.
  7. Robins R, Wheat J, Irwin G, Bartlett R. The effect of shooting distance on movement variability in basketball. Journal of Human Movement Studies. 2006;50(4):217-38.
  8. Proske U. Exercise, fatigue and proprioception: A retrospective. Experimental brain research. 2019;237(10):2447-59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-019-05634-8
  9. Langner R, Steinborn MB, Chatterjee A, Sturm W, Willmes K. Mental fatigue and temporal preparation in simple reaction-time performance. Acta psychologica. 2010;133(1):64-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2009.10.001
  10. Alderman RB. Influence of local fatigue on speed and accuracy in motor learning. Research Quarterly American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation. 1965;36(2):131-40.
  11. Van Cutsem J, Marcora S, De Pauw K, Bailey S, Meeusen R, Roelands B. The effects of mental fatigue on physical performance: a systematic review. Sports medicine. 2017;47(8):1569-88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0672-0
  12. Pageaux B, Lepers R. The effects of mental fatigue on sport-related performance. Progress in brain research. 2018;240:291-315. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.10.004
Sports Psychology
Volume 18, Issue 1
April 2026
Pages 1-17

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 31 October 2022
  • Revise Date: 19 January 2023
  • Accept Date: 02 March 2023

Share

How to cite

Statistics