Sports Psychology

Sports Psychology

The effect of activity in Organized and Unorganized space on characterizes of Perception and cognition among children 7-10 years old

Document Type : علمی- پژوهشی

Authors
Zahra Fathirezaie 1
Elaheh Yousefi 2
Mahta Eskandarnejad 2
1 Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
2 Tabriz University
10.29252/mbsp.4.2.47
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of activity in organized and unorganized space on characterizes of Perception and cognition among children.
Methods: The present study was a semi-experimental design with pre-post and post-test design in a field study. The statistical population of this study was children aged 7 to 10 years old in Tabriz. Thirty subjects were selected by purposeful method and divided into two groups of nature school (unorganized environment) and participant in Badminton class constructive environment). Initially, as a pre-test, the Benton and Boyardee Test was performed and then started for 48 hours. In the end, both groups did post-test. Data were analyzed using two way mixed ANOVA and SPSS 22 software at a significance level of 0.05.
Results: Among the main factors of the group (F(1,28)=6.14, P=0.01), time (F(1,28)=11.67, P=0.002) and their interaction (F(1,28)=4.42, P=0.04), there was a significant difference in perceptual characteristics. Also, in the cognitive characteristics, the main factor of time was significant (F(1,28)=58.62, P=0.0001), and interaction between group and time (F(1,28)=4.47, P=0.03). Based on interaction in both features, the unorganized environment group showed better improvement.
Conclusions: Based on the ecological theory of the branch of Gibson's perception-action and Piaget's cognition, the different effects of the two environments on perceptual and cognitive qualities can be attributed to the conditions of the environment, in which the unorganized environment showed further effects in the direction of improvement.
Keywords
Visual Retention
Selective Attention
Children
Nature
  1. Ulrich, B. Motor development: Core curricular concepts. Quest, 2007: 59(1), 77-91.
  2. Haywood K, Getchell N. Life span motor development. (5thed). Human Kinetics; 2008. 15-308.
  3. Lockman, JJ. Perceptuo-motor coordination in infancy. In C-A. Hauert (ED), Developmental psychology cognitive, perceptuo-motor, and neuropsychological perspectives Amsterdam: Elsevier. 1990. 85-109.
  4. Piek, J. P. Infant motor development (Vol. 10). Human Kinetics. 2006.
  5. Homaynnia Firoozjah M, Sheikh M, Hemayat tlab R, Shahnaz S. The Effect of Provision (Educational Environment and Physical Activity) on the Improvement of Motor Moments in Children with Mental Disorders. Armaghane danesh. 2018; 23 (3):334-349. (In Persian).
  6. Atkinson, R. L., Atkinson, R. C., Smith, E. E., Bem, D. J., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2000). Hilgard's Introduction to Psychology.
  7. Gallahue DL, Ozmun JC, Goodway J. Understanding motor development: Infants, children, adolescents, adults. Boston; 2006.
  8. Freeman, C., & van Heezik, Y. Children, Nature and Cities: Rethinking the Connections. Routledge. 2018.
  9. Fjørtoft, I. Landscape as play scape: The effects of natural environments on children's play and motor development. Children Youth and Environments, 2004. 14(2), 21-44.
  10. Louv, R. Last Child in the Woods: Saving Our Children from Nature-Deficit Disorder, 2nd ed. Chapel Hill, NC: Algonquin Books. 2008.
  11. Harvey W J, Reid G. Motor performance of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A preliminary investigation. Adapt Physical Activity Q. 2003. 14(3): 189-202.
  12. Müller, A. B., Valentini, N. C., & Bandeira, P. F. R. Affordances in the home environment for motor development: Validity and reliability for the use in daycare setting. Infant behavior and development. 2017. 47, 138-145.
  13. Hamidyan Jahromi, N; Rezayian, F; Hagigat, Sh. Influence of native and local games on visual visual acuity of preschoolers and elementary school students in Shiraz. Exceptional education. 2013; 3(111): 29-38. (In Persian).
  14. Homayounnia Firoozjah. M, Sheikh. M, Hemayattalab. R, Shahrbanian. Sh. The Effects of Environmental Affordances on Perception of Vision and Balance in Children with Intellectual Disability. Motor Behavior. Winter 2018; 9 (30): 152-82. (In Persian).
  15. Wang, X., Woolley, H., Tang, Y., Liu, H. Y., & Luo, Y. Young children's and adults' perceptions of natural play spaces: A case study of Chengdu, southwestern China. Cities. 2018. 72, 173-180.
  16. Bjørgen, K. Physical activity in light of affordances in outdoor environments: qualitative observation studies of 3–5 years olds in kindergarten. Springerplus. 2016. 5(1), 950.
  17. Salehi. M, Rahimi. R, Amini. H, Bayatpour. M. The Effect of Fine Motor Activities on Development and Improving Attention in Girls Students with Emphasis on the Montessori Method. Motor Behavior. Fall 2017; 9 (29): 33-50. (In Persian).
  18. Beik M, Nezakatalhoseini M, Abedi A, Badami R. The Effect of Yoga Training On Cognitive-Motor Functions in Children with Attention Deficit - Hyperactivity Disorder. Advances in Cognitive Science. 2015; 17 (2):56-67. (In Persian).
  19. Leclercq M, Zimmermann P. Applied neuropsychology of attention: Theory, diagnosis, and rehabilitation. Psychology Press. 2002; 4(4): 255-339.
  20. Magill Richard A. Motor learning-concepts and applications. 2008. (4): 160-71.
  21. Wilson R. Nature and young children: Encouraging creative play and learning in natural environments. Routledge; 2007.
  22. Benton, A. L. Visual Retention Test Forms C, D, E. Psychological Corporation, 1955.
  23. Ganji, h. Psychology of individual differences. 2008. 241-237. (In Persian)
  24. Ghasemi A, Maghsoodi M, Daneshfar A. Comparison of motor and cognitive development between typically developing preschool children and children born low birth weight. Motor behavior. 2017; 9(27): 129-40 (In Persian).
  25. Gray, P. "Free to Learn: Why Unleashing the Instinct to Play Will Make Our Children Happier." More Self-Reliant, and Better Students for Life 141. 2013.
  26. Fajen, B. R., Riley, M. A., & Turvey, M. T. Information, affordances, and the control of action in sport. International Journal of sport psychology. 2009. 40(1), 79-107.
  27. McGrenere, J., & Ho, W. Affordances: Clarifying and evolving a concept. In Graphics interface (Vol. 2000, pp. 179-186).
  28. Bento, G. & Dias, G. The importance of outdoor play for young children's healthy development. Porto Biomedical Journal. 2017. 2(5), 157-160.
  29. Louv, R. Last child in the woods: saving our children from nature-deficit disorder, 2008. 18-141.
  30. Piaget, J. The equilibration of cognitive structures: The central problem of intellectual development. University of Chicago press. 1985.
Sports Psychology
Volume 11, Issue 2 - Serial Number 2
November 2020
Pages 47-60

  • Receive Date 28 February 2019
  • Revise Date 10 February 2021
  • Accept Date 31 December 2020