Sports Psychology

Sports Psychology

A Comparison of Early Maladaptive Schemas and Psychological Resilience in Mothers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Intellectual Disability

Document Type : Original Article

Authors
Fatemeh SanaeiMehr 1
Hamidreza Saadat Azhar 2
1 MS in Clinical Psychology, Department of Clinical Psychology, Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran.
2 Department of Clinical Psychology, Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran.
10.48308/mbsp.2024.1065.1102
Abstract
Purpose: This study aimed to compare early maladaptive schemas and psychological resilience between mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and intellectual disabilities (ID).
Methods: In this descriptive, causal-comparative study, 35 mothers of children with ASD and 35 mothers of children with ID were selected via convenience sampling from elementary schools for students with these conditions in Qom. Participants completed the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (1998) and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (2003). Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA).
Results: A significant difference in resilience was observed between the two groups (F=3.45, P=0.021). Furthermore, a significant difference was found in the early maladaptive schema domain of impaired limits (F=7.85, P=0.008).
Conclusion: The findings highlight the need for tailored interventions, particularly those incorporating physical activity, to reduce maladaptive schemas and bolster resilience in these maternal populations.
 
Keywords
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Resilience
Schema
Physical Activity
Intellectual Disability
  1. White HA, Shah P. ADHD & Autism Spectrum Disorder. In: Pritzker S, Runco M, editors. Encyclopedia of Creativity (Third Edition). Oxford: Academic Press; 2020. p. 6–11.
  2. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.
  3. Montgomery CB, Allison C, Lai MC, Cassidy S, Langdon PE, Baron-Cohen S. Do Adults with High Functioning Autism or Asperger Syndrome Differ in Empathy and Emotion Recognition? Journal of autism and developmental disorders. 2016;46(6):1931–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-016-2698-4
  4. Little LM, Sideris J, Ausderau K, Baranek GT. Activity participation among children with autism spectrum disorder. Am J Occup Ther. 2014;68(2):177–85. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2014.009894
  5. Akrami L, Malekpour M, Abedi A. Developing and Accessing Psychometric Properties of The Persian Version of Behavior Assessment System for Children (3Rd Edition) in Children With Mild Intellectual Disabilities and Normal Children. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology. 2021;27(3):388–405. In Persian http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/ijpcp.27.4.3462.1
  6. Azazy S, Nour-Eldein H, Mikhail H, Ismail M. Quality of life and family function of parents of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 2018;24(6):579–87. https://doi.org/10.26719/2018.24.6.579
  7. Craig F, Operto FF, De Giacomo A, Margari L, Frolli A, Conson M, et al. Parenting stress among parents of children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Psychiatry Research. 2016;242(1):121–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016.05.016
  8. Aali S, Aim yazdi SA, Abdkhodae M, Ghanaee A, Moharari F. Developmental function of families with Autism Spectrum Disorder children compared with families with healthy children. Medical Journal of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. 2015;58(1):32–41. https://doi.org/10.22038/mjms.2015.3768
  9. Bazarfeshan B, Kargar Dolatabadi A, Mohammadi M, Sarmadi P, Lakzaei J, Hosseininejad S-M, et al. Quality of life of the mothers of children with autism. Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences. 2019;20(4):77–82. In Persian
  10. Shafiee E, Mohajerani M. The effectiveness of family resilience training on quality of life and mental health of mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder. The Journal of Psychological Science. 2019;18(82):1101–9. In Persian
  11. Taheri A, Marashi SA, Hamid N, Beshlideh K. The Effectiveness of Compassion-Focused Therapy on Psychological Well-Being and Meaning in Life of Mothers of Children With Intellectual and Developmental Disorders. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology. 2022;28(1):20–33. In Persian http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/ijpcp.28.1.3046.1
  12. Recio P, Molero F, García-Ael C, Pérez-Garín D. Perceived discrimination and self-esteem among family caregivers of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and children with intellectual disabilities (ID) in Spain: The mediational role of affiliate stigma and social support. Research in Developmental Disabilities. 2020;105:103737. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103737
  13. Goodarzi N, Rahgoi A, Mohammadi Shahboulaghi F, Biglarian A. Correlation between Family Function and Anxiety in Family Carers of Elderly with Dementia. Journal of Nursing Education. 2018;6(3):1–9. In Persian
  14. Mehrafraz P, Jahangir PA. The relationship between self-efficacy and resilience and quality of life of mothers of mentally retarded children of Tehran. Journal of Applied Psychological Research. 2016;7(2):235–49. In Persian
  15. Karimi M, Nasri S, Ghaemi F. Structural Relationships of Fathers’ Involvement and Parenting Stress of Mothers of Autistic Children with the Mediation of Family Functioning, Social Support, and Resilience. Iranian Journal of Family Psychology. 2023;10(2):46–66. In Persian https://doi.org/10.22034/ijfp.2024.2016472.1283
  16. Valizadeh S, Makvandi B, Bakhtiarpour S, Hafezi F. The Effectiveness of "Acceptance and Commitment Therapy" (ACT) on resilience and cognitive flexibility in prisoners. Journal of Health Promotion Management. 2020;9(4):78–89. In Persian
  17. Rahimpour S, Arefi M, Manshaii Gr. The effectiveness of mixed method of time perspective and mindfulness education on resilience and wisdom. Positive Psychology Research. 2021;7(1):35–52. In Persian https://doi.org/10.22108/ppls.2021.118779.1798
  18. Abbasian A, Azadmanesh N, Amirabadi zadeh A. Comparison of resilience, communication skills and anger control in mothers of children with autism and mothers of normal children. Islamic Studies. 2023. In Persian
  19. Rabiee Kenari F, Jadidian A, Solgi M. Effectiveness of Resilience Training on Reduction of Parental Stress of Autistic Childrens Mothers. Journal of Ilam University of Medical Sciences. 2015;23(4):95–105.
  20. Shams S, Kakabaraee K. Comparison of perceived stress, mental comfort and resilience among parents of children with autism, mental retardation and hyperactivity. A new approach to children's education quarterly. 2022;4(2):134–44. In Persian
  21. Shokri S, Khanjani Z, Hashemi T, Esmaeilpuor K. Comparison of Parenting Stress and Psychological Distress in Mothers of Children with Autism Disorder and Developmental Delay. Quarterly Journal of Child Mental Health. 2017;4(3):79–90. In Persian
  22. Körük S. Early maladaptive schemas and attachment styles predicting tendencies in intimate relationship. 2017;3:393–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.46827/ejes.v0i0.1028
  23. Mikulincer M, Shaver PR. An attachment perspective on psychopathology. World Psychiatry. 2012;11(1):11–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wpsyc.2012.01.003
  24. Bosmans G, Braet C, Vlierberghe L. Attachment and symptoms of psychopathology: Early maladaptive schemas as a cognitive link? Clinical psychology & psychotherapy. 2010;17:374–85. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.667
  25. Young JE, Klosko JS, Weishaar ME. Schema Therapy: A Practitioner's Guide. 1st ed: Guilford Press; 2006.
  26. González-Jiménez AJ, Hernández-Romera MdM. Early maladaptive schemas in adolescence: A quantitative study. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2014;132:504–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.04.344
  27. Janovsky T, Rock AJ, Thorsteinsson EB, Clark GI, Murray CV. The relationship between early maladaptive schemas and interpersonal problems: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy. 2020, 47: 408-47. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2439
  28. Keshavarz-Afshar H, Ghanbarian E, Jebeli SJ, Saadat SH. The relationship between differentiation of self and early maladaptive schemas with family performance components among the military women residing in Tehran, Iran. Journal of Military Medicine. 2019;20(6):635–44. In Persian
  29. Hasanvand MB, Shabanzadeh A, Shahbazi L. The Effectiveness of Schema Therapy on Primary Maladaptive Schemas In Mothers With Intellectual Disability Children. Empowering Exceptional Children. 2023;14(4):37–24. In Persian https://doi.org/10.22034/ceciranj.2024.424376.1815
  30. Connor KM, Davidson JR. Development of a new resilience scale: the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depression and Anxiety. 2003;18(2):76–82. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.10113
  31. Gonzalez SP, Moore EWG, Newton M, Galli NA. Validity and reliability of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) in competitive sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 2016;23(1):31–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.10.005
  32. Keyhani M, Taghvaei D, Rajabi A, Amirpour B. Internal consistency and confirmatory factor analysis of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale among nursing female. Iranian Journal of Medical Education. 2015;14(10):857–65. In Persian
  33. Hosseini SA, mohammadi h, Saadat Z. Investigating the psychometric properties of the Cognitive Resilience Scale in a sample of Iranian society. Quarterly of Educational Measurement. 2020;11(42):125–50. In Persian https://doi.org/10.22054/jem.2021.57320.2113
  34. Sadooghi Z, Aguilar-Vafaie ME, Rasoulzadeh Tabatabaie K, Esfehanian N. Factor Analysis of the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form in a Nonclinical Iranian Sample. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology. 2008;14(2):214–9. In Persian
  35. Cai M, Dai Y, Duan M, Chen M, Ji Y, Zhou L, et al. Intervention adherence and its predictors among parents of children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Pediatric Nursing. 2025;85:549–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2025.09.015
  36. Stone BG, Saggers B. Autism, literacies, and social communication: a framework of inclusive new literacies. In: Tierney RJ, Rizvi F, Ercikan K, editors. International Encyclopedia of Education (Fourth Edition). Oxford: Elsevier; 2023, 434-447. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-818630-5.07098-6

 

Sports Psychology
Volume 16, Issue 1
2024
Pages 305-323

  • Receive Date 20 February 2024
  • Revise Date 04 June 2024
  • Accept Date 12 July 2024