Shahid Beheshti University Sports Psychology 2676-3729 13 2 2021 09 23 The Role of Dark Triad Personality and Mental Toughness in Predicting Bodybuilders’ Attitude toward Doping The Role of Dark Triad Personality and Mental Toughness in Predicting Bodybuilders’ Attitude toward Doping 1 13 101701 10.48308/mbsp.6.2.1 FA Farzin Bagheri Sheykhangafshe PhD Candidate in Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Reza Shabahang M.A in General Psychology, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Masoomeh Kukli M.A in General Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, University of Urmia, Urmia, Iran Seyedeh Farnaz Sedighian M.A in General Psychology, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran. Danial Alizadeh Master of Clinical Psychology, Lahijan Branch of Azad University, Lahijan, Iran Journal Article 2021 01 21 Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the dark triad personality and mental toughness in predicting doping attitudes in male bodybuilders. Methods: The present study is a descriptive correlational study. The study population consisted of male bodybuilders in Rasht in 2019 among whom 230 were selected by convenience sampling method. Data were collected using Performance Enhancement Attitude Scale Petróczi & Aidman’s, Dark Triad Scale Jonason & Webster’s, and Sports Mental Toughness Questionnaire Sheard et all. Data were analyzed using correlation test and multiple regression using SPSS software version 24. Results: The results showed that Machiavellianism (r=0.625), psychopathy (r=0.468) and narcissism (r=0.420) had a positive and significant correlation with doping attitude. On the other, confidence (r=0.478), constancy (r=-0.480) and control (r= -0.570) were negatively and significantly correlated with doping attitude. Also, the variables of dark triad personality and mental toughness predicted 52.6% of the changes in attitudes toward doping in male bodybuilders (P<0.01). Conclusion: The findings showed that bodybuilders with dark veins showed a positive attitude towards the use of illicit drugs and doping. Athletes who reduce the length of their professional exercise from adequate mental strength were drawn due to doping drugs. Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the dark triad personality and mental toughness in predicting doping attitudes in male bodybuilders. Methods: The present study is a descriptive correlational study. The study population consisted of male bodybuilders in Rasht in 2019 among whom 230 were selected by convenience sampling method. Data were collected using Performance Enhancement Attitude Scale Petróczi & Aidman’s, Dark Triad Scale Jonason & Webster’s, and Sports Mental Toughness Questionnaire Sheard et all. Data were analyzed using correlation test and multiple regression using SPSS software version 24. Results: The results showed that Machiavellianism (r=0.625), psychopathy (r=0.468) and narcissism (r=0.420) had a positive and significant correlation with doping attitude. On the other, confidence (r=0.478), constancy (r=-0.480) and control (r= -0.570) were negatively and significantly correlated with doping attitude. Also, the variables of dark triad personality and mental toughness predicted 52.6% of the changes in attitudes toward doping in male bodybuilders (P<0.01). Conclusion: The findings showed that bodybuilders with dark veins showed a positive attitude towards the use of illicit drugs and doping. Athletes who reduce the length of their professional exercise from adequate mental strength were drawn due to doping drugs.

https://mbsp.sbu.ac.ir/article_101701_29ee726444a32102a770f5c05fcae5d4.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Sports Psychology 2676-3729 13 2 2021 09 23 Comparison of Stubbornness Characteristics, Locus of Control, Corona Anxiety and Determining the Relationship Between Them in Active and Inactive Women Comparison of Stubbornness Characteristics, Locus of Control, Corona Anxiety and Determining the Relationship Between Them in Active and Inactive Women 15 27 101634 10.48308/mbsp.6.2.15 FA Mahta Eskandarnejad university of Tabriz Zahra Hoseinzadeh Tabriz University Fariba Mollaei Zangi Tabriz University Journal Article 2020 09 07 Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare the characteristics of stubbornness, source of control, coronary anxiety and determine the relationship between them in active and inactive women. Methods: The method of the present study was causal-comparative and correlational. The statistical population consisted of active and inactive women in sports in Urmia, from which 180 people were selected as a statistical sample. In order to collect data, psychological hardiness, control source and coronary anxiety questionnaires were used. Independent t-test and Pearson correlation were used for data analysis. Results: The results showed that there was a significant difference between active and inactive sports groups in the variables of stubbornness, source of control and coronary anxiety. Also, a significant difference was observed between the two groups in the correlation coefficient of corona anxiety with the control source and the correlation coefficient of stubbornness and the source of control. Moreover, a non-significant difference in the correlation coefficient of corona anxiety and stubbornness was observed. Discussion: It can be concluded that participation in sports activities causes the development of personality traits in women and may reduce the field of coronary anxiety in them. Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare the characteristics of stubbornness, source of control, coronary anxiety and determine the relationship between them in active and inactive women. Methods: The method of the present study was causal-comparative and correlational. The statistical population consisted of active and inactive women in sports in Urmia, from which 180 people were selected as a statistical sample. In order to collect data, psychological hardiness, control source and coronary anxiety questionnaires were used. Independent t-test and Pearson correlation were used for data analysis. Results: The results showed that there was a significant difference between active and inactive sports groups in the variables of stubbornness, source of control and coronary anxiety. Also, a significant difference was observed between the two groups in the correlation coefficient of corona anxiety with the control source and the correlation coefficient of stubbornness and the source of control. Moreover, a non-significant difference in the correlation coefficient of corona anxiety and stubbornness was observed. Discussion: It can be concluded that participation in sports activities causes the development of personality traits in women and may reduce the field of coronary anxiety in them.

https://mbsp.sbu.ac.ir/article_101634_e13c984e7cdf6a4ef4aab8738f9a7496.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Sports Psychology 2676-3729 13 2 2021 09 23 The Relationship between Sport Mindfulness and Perceptions of Success in Athlete: The Mediating Role of Commitment to exercise The Relationship between Sport Mindfulness and Perceptions of Success in Athlete: The Mediating Role of Commitment to exercise 29 44 101700 10.48308/mbsp.6.2.29 FA Hasan Shayani Sabzevar Branch, Islamic Azad University Rasool Zeidabadi Hakim Sabzevari University Laleh Hamboushi Sabzevar Branch, Islamic Azad University Journal Article 2021 01 06 Purpose: One of the most important challenges in sport psychology is the identification of factors affecting the success of the sport. The aim of this study was to investigate the structural relationships between sport mindfulness and perception of athletes' sport success regarding mediating role of commitment to exercise. Methods: The present study is descriptive and correlational. For this purpose, 205 athletes (average age: 23.67±13.80) from different team and individual disciplines participated in this study voluntarily. The Sports Success Perception Questionnaire, Sports Commitment Questionnaire and Sports Mindfulness Questionnaire were used to collect information. To investigate the structural relationships between variables, the statistical method of structural path modeling using Smart PLS2.0 and Spss23 software was used. Results: The results showed that the positive and significant relationship between sport mindfulness and commitment to exercise with perceived success. In addition Sport mindfulness changes the athletes' perceived success by affecting the mediating variable of commitment to exercise, So that the presence of the mediating variable of commitment to exercise significantly increased the total effect (t=4.85). Conclusion: It is important to pay special attention to sports mindfulness, because increasing sports mindfulness not only directly but also indirectly increases athletes' perceived success by increasing their commitment to exercise. Purpose: One of the most important challenges in sport psychology is the identification of factors affecting the success of the sport. The aim of this study was to investigate the structural relationships between sport mindfulness and perception of athletes' sport success regarding mediating role of commitment to exercise. Methods: The present study is descriptive and correlational. For this purpose, 205 athletes (average age: 23.67±13.80) from different team and individual disciplines participated in this study voluntarily. The Sports Success Perception Questionnaire, Sports Commitment Questionnaire and Sports Mindfulness Questionnaire were used to collect information. To investigate the structural relationships between variables, the statistical method of structural path modeling using Smart PLS2.0 and Spss23 software was used. Results: The results showed that the positive and significant relationship between sport mindfulness and commitment to exercise with perceived success. In addition Sport mindfulness changes the athletes' perceived success by affecting the mediating variable of commitment to exercise, So that the presence of the mediating variable of commitment to exercise significantly increased the total effect (t=4.85). Conclusion: It is important to pay special attention to sports mindfulness, because increasing sports mindfulness not only directly but also indirectly increases athletes' perceived success by increasing their commitment to exercise.

https://mbsp.sbu.ac.ir/article_101700_e23708f135867853934ea05da6c3d6c3.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Sports Psychology 2676-3729 13 2 2021 09 23 Review article: Investigating the role of decision making in sports performance Review article: Investigating the role of decision making in sports performance 45 72 101641 10.48308/mbsp.6.2.45 FA Mehdi Shahbazi Associate Professor of Motor Behavior and Sports Psychology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Razieh Hojabrnia PhD student in Motor Learning, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2020 09 24 The aim of this study was to investigate the role of decision making in sports performance as a systematic review. The studies were retrieved using the search terms defined in the titles of the articles specified in the Persian and English databases without time interval. A total of 2453 English and 753 Persian articles were selected. Among them, 114 articles related to the subject of the study were selected and after reviewing the full text of the articles, 35 English articles and 5 Persian articles were selected. These studies are divided into three groups of studies related to performing certain exercises and affecting on accuracy, speed and quality of decision making (16 studies), studies related to decision evaluation under stress conditions (3 studies) and studies related to post-decision evaluation after watching clips or pictures of real scenes of the game (20 studies).The results of studies showed that the ability to make decisions can differentiate the level of sports skills of individuals and the different training programs provide a slight improvement in how young players make decisions. Using clips or photos related to real sports scenes or a non-linear training program can improve the speed and accuracy of players' decisions. Also, making decisions under pressure in young people makes there fewer options for them in the field of play, and the use of 2D and 3D video clips can be used to measure and compare players' decisions in disciplines. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of decision making in sports performance as a systematic review. The studies were retrieved using the search terms defined in the titles of the articles specified in the Persian and English databases without time interval. A total of 2453 English and 753 Persian articles were selected. Among them, 114 articles related to the subject of the study were selected and after reviewing the full text of the articles, 35 English articles and 5 Persian articles were selected. These studies are divided into three groups of studies related to performing certain exercises and affecting on accuracy, speed and quality of decision making (16 studies), studies related to decision evaluation under stress conditions (3 studies) and studies related to post-decision evaluation after watching clips or pictures of real scenes of the game (20 studies).The results of studies showed that the ability to make decisions can differentiate the level of sports skills of individuals and the different training programs provide a slight improvement in how young players make decisions. Using clips or photos related to real sports scenes or a non-linear training program can improve the speed and accuracy of players' decisions. Also, making decisions under pressure in young people makes there fewer options for them in the field of play, and the use of 2D and 3D video clips can be used to measure and compare players' decisions in disciplines.

https://mbsp.sbu.ac.ir/article_101641_bb7d865589c017f72c4de9ae02337431.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Sports Psychology 2676-3729 13 2 2021 09 23 The Effects of Game Sense Pedagogy on Decision Making, Supporting and Implementing Basketball Skills in Female Students The Effects of Game Sense Pedagogy on Decision Making, Supporting and Implementing Basketball Skills in Female Students 73 87 101635 10.48308/mbsp.6.2.73 FA Leily Alizadeh Faculty of Sports Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran. Hasan Mohammadzadeh Faculty of Sports Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran. Journal Article 2020 11 23 Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of game sense pedagogy on decision making, supporting and implementing basketball skills in female students. The statistical population of the study was Urmia secondary school girl students. Methods: Subjects were 40 students (each group= 20 people) who did not already have a history of basketball playing and were physically health with an average age of 13.06±3. AAHPERD basketball skills test and game performance assessment instrument were used to collect data. Results: The results of multivariate covariance analysis showed that students were better at learning of basic skills in the traditional method, but in terms of decision-making and supporting components, the game sense group was significantly better than the traditional group. Conclusion: In general, the game sense approach has shown better performance in game performance development, and the findings suggest that using a questioning process based on a modified game framework is an appropriate training method for improving game performance in students. Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of game sense pedagogy on decision making, supporting and implementing basketball skills in female students. The statistical population of the study was Urmia secondary school girl students. Methods: Subjects were 40 students (each group= 20 people) who did not already have a history of basketball playing and were physically health with an average age of 13.06±3. AAHPERD basketball skills test and game performance assessment instrument were used to collect data. Results: The results of multivariate covariance analysis showed that students were better at learning of basic skills in the traditional method, but in terms of decision-making and supporting components, the game sense group was significantly better than the traditional group. Conclusion: In general, the game sense approach has shown better performance in game performance development, and the findings suggest that using a questioning process based on a modified game framework is an appropriate training method for improving game performance in students.

https://mbsp.sbu.ac.ir/article_101635_28e6f6d0a4fb042ad5cb7a7d72c9db1b.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Sports Psychology 2676-3729 13 2 2021 09 23 The relationship among teacher controlling behavior, basic psychological needs thwarting and misbehavior in Physical Education classes The relationship among teacher controlling behavior, basic psychological needs thwarting and misbehavior in Physical Education classes 89 102 101650 10.48308/mbsp.6.2.89 FA Malek Ahmadi Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Urmia Branch,, Islamic Azad University, Urmia, Iran. Farzad Amirrezaiyeh Young Researchers and Elite Club, Urmia Branch, Islamic Azad University, Urmia, Iran Safa Asgari Young Researchers and Elite Club, Urmia Branch, Islamic Azad University, Urmia, Iran Mehdi Moradzadeh Young Researchers and Elite Club, Urmia Branch, Islamic Azad University, Urmia, Iran Journal Article 2020 01 26 Purpose: According to self-determination theory (SDT), the aim of this study was to examine the relationship model of teachers controlling behavior, basic psychological needs thwarting and misbehavior in physical education classes. Method: The research was correlational-descriptive with cross-sectional way. A number of 585 male students from secondary schools (age range: 15-17 years old) completed a series of self-reported questionnaires which assess teachers controlling behavior, need thwarting and misbehavior in physical education. Results: The results of confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling, showed that the direct effect of controlling use of praise and rewards, and excessive controlling behavior was negatively and positively significant on misbehavior respectively. In addition, the indirect effect of negative conditional regards and intimidation, via mediating role of needs-thwarting, on misbehavior in physical education was significant. Conclusion: Overall, these findings suggest that teachers controlling behavior is an important factor in anticipation of student's misbehavior is physical education. Physical education teachers could avoid negative conditional regards, intimidation and excessive controlling behavior, and apply controlling use of praise and rewards, in order to reduce misbehavior in physical education. Purpose: According to self-determination theory (SDT), the aim of this study was to examine the relationship model of teachers controlling behavior, basic psychological needs thwarting and misbehavior in physical education classes. Method: The research was correlational-descriptive with cross-sectional way. A number of 585 male students from secondary schools (age range: 15-17 years old) completed a series of self-reported questionnaires which assess teachers controlling behavior, need thwarting and misbehavior in physical education. Results: The results of confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling, showed that the direct effect of controlling use of praise and rewards, and excessive controlling behavior was negatively and positively significant on misbehavior respectively. In addition, the indirect effect of negative conditional regards and intimidation, via mediating role of needs-thwarting, on misbehavior in physical education was significant. Conclusion: Overall, these findings suggest that teachers controlling behavior is an important factor in anticipation of student's misbehavior is physical education. Physical education teachers could avoid negative conditional regards, intimidation and excessive controlling behavior, and apply controlling use of praise and rewards, in order to reduce misbehavior in physical education.

https://mbsp.sbu.ac.ir/article_101650_422826680b695d803f095abc5715f6c9.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Sports Psychology 2676-3729 13 2 2021 09 23 The Effect of balance exercises on the sustained attention in boys 7-10 years with attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in Kerman The Effect of balance exercises on the sustained attention in boys 7-10 years with attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in Kerman 103 115 101633 10.48308/mbsp.6.2.103 FA Manijheh Arabi Assistant Professor, Department of Motor Behavior, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran Alireza Saberi Associate Professor, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Marzieh Mirhosseini Kerman Shahid Bahonar University Journal Article 2019 03 08 Purpose: Attention is the most important and complex factors in teaching and learning issues and is one of the most common problems among children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) that reduces their efficiency in learning. The present study examined the impact of balance exercises on the sustained attention in children with ADHD. Methods: thirty seven to ten ADHD children who were referred to the BESAT health center of Kerman City, were selected and randomly divided into control and experimental groups. A quasi-experimental design with clinical method were used in this study. The experimental group was performed balance exercises for eight weeks. Sustained attention were assessed using the Continuous Performance Software. Analyzing the data was performed using Mann-Whitney U and Wilcoxon tests. Results: The results showed that balance exercise caused significantly improvement on Sustained attention component in children with ADHD. Conclusion: Balance exercises can be used in conjunction with other therapies as an effective way to improve the children's attention. Purpose: Attention is the most important and complex factors in teaching and learning issues and is one of the most common problems among children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) that reduces their efficiency in learning. The present study examined the impact of balance exercises on the sustained attention in children with ADHD. Methods: thirty seven to ten ADHD children who were referred to the BESAT health center of Kerman City, were selected and randomly divided into control and experimental groups. A quasi-experimental design with clinical method were used in this study. The experimental group was performed balance exercises for eight weeks. Sustained attention were assessed using the Continuous Performance Software. Analyzing the data was performed using Mann-Whitney U and Wilcoxon tests. Results: The results showed that balance exercise caused significantly improvement on Sustained attention component in children with ADHD. Conclusion: Balance exercises can be used in conjunction with other therapies as an effective way to improve the children's attention.

https://mbsp.sbu.ac.ir/article_101633_0c7b2f0d0f4fec832cc89b3260b9ddfe.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Sports Psychology 2676-3729 13 2 2021 09 23 The effect of visual illusion and the number of practice efforts on facilitating motor skills learning The effect of visual illusion and the number of practice efforts on facilitating motor skills learning 117 130 101643 10.48308/mbsp.6.2.117 FA Mohsen Rajaei University of Isfahan Shila Safavi University of Isfahan Mehdi Ghaderiyan University of Isfahan Journal Article 2020 05 12 Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of visual illusion and the number of practice attempts on facilitating motor skill learning. Methods: A number of 32 students with a mean age of 10.43 ± 0.9 were selected and divided into two groups of 16 based on the type of visual illusion (target appears larger and the target appears smaller). The participants of each group, after performing 30 training attempts to get acquainted with the execution of marble shooting skills from a distance of 65 cm from the target center, performed 540 attempts related to their group in 6 sessions; Three retention tests were performed in such a way that one test was performed after every 180 attempts. To analyze the data, a Mixed ANOVA with repeated measures and one-way ANOVA was used. Results: The results showed a significant difference between the exercise group with large and small visual illusions, which depends on the level of rate of progress of individuals (P <0.05). Conclusion: The results of the present study, by confirming the challenge point hypothesis, suggest that in order to improve the accuracy of targeting, first people Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of visual illusion and the number of practice attempts on facilitating motor skill learning. Methods: A number of 32 students with a mean age of 10.43 ± 0.9 were selected and divided into two groups of 16 based on the type of visual illusion (target appears larger and the target appears smaller). The participants of each group, after performing 30 training attempts to get acquainted with the execution of marble shooting skills from a distance of 65 cm from the target center, performed 540 attempts related to their group in 6 sessions; Three retention tests were performed in such a way that one test was performed after every 180 attempts. To analyze the data, a Mixed ANOVA with repeated measures and one-way ANOVA was used. Results: The results showed a significant difference between the exercise group with large and small visual illusions, which depends on the level of rate of progress of individuals (P <0.05). Conclusion: The results of the present study, by confirming the challenge point hypothesis, suggest that in order to improve the accuracy of targeting, first people

https://mbsp.sbu.ac.ir/article_101643_53e92485c43f0c96bebbb7f17cb4c716.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Sports Psychology 2676-3729 13 2 2021 09 23 The Effect of Spatial and temporal attentional feedback on running economy and perceived pressure in inexperienced runners The Effect of Spatial and temporal attentional feedback on running economy and perceived pressure in inexperienced runners 131 142 101642 10.48308/mbsp.6.2.131 FA Mahin Aghdaei Assistant Professor Shahid Beheshti University Maryam Kavyani Assistant Professor Shahid Beheshti University Azita Rezaei Shahid Beheshti university Journal Article 2021 06 22 Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of spatial and temporal attentional feedback on physiological and psychological scales in running among inexperienced women. Methods: Forty-five students (20 to 30 years old) took part in the study. In order to measure the participant’s Vmax, the speed of the treadmill started at 2 km / h and increased to 2 km / h after every one minute. This process continued until the fatigue will appear. According to the results of the maximum speed test, the participants were divided into 3 groups: temporal (n = 15), spatial (n = 15), and control group (n = 15). Feedback was given to the spatial group including the amount of distance that they traveled per minute (totally in 6 minutes), and the temporal feedback group (once per minute, total time 6 minutes), and the control group did not receive any feedback. During running, heart rates, Vo2max, and oxygen consumption were assessed. The Borg pressure perceived test was also used to measure perceive fatigue. Results: Results showed that there was no significant difference between oxygen consumption (VO2), heart rate (HR), respiratory volume (VE), respiratory frequency (BF), and the Borg pressure in the three groups of spatial feedback, temporal feedback, and control group. (p >0/05). Conclusion: The results revealed that the effect of spatial and temporal feedback in laboratory conditions, skill level, and type of skill had no significant effect on the energy consumption and perceived pressure in inexperienced participants. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of spatial and temporal attentional feedback on physiological and psychological scales in running among inexperienced women. Methods: Forty-five students (20 to 30 years old) took part in the study. In order to measure the participant’s Vmax, the speed of the treadmill started at 2 km / h and increased to 2 km / h after every one minute. This process continued until the fatigue will appear. According to the results of the maximum speed test, the participants were divided into 3 groups: temporal (n = 15), spatial (n = 15), and control group (n = 15). Feedback was given to the spatial group including the amount of distance that they traveled per minute (totally in 6 minutes), and the temporal feedback group (once per minute, total time 6 minutes), and the control group did not receive any feedback. During running, heart rates, Vo2max, and oxygen consumption were assessed. The Borg pressure perceived test was also used to measure perceive fatigue. Results: Results showed that there was no significant difference between oxygen consumption (VO2), heart rate (HR), respiratory volume (VE), respiratory frequency (BF), and the Borg pressure in the three groups of spatial feedback, temporal feedback, and control group. (p >0/05). Conclusion: The results revealed that the effect of spatial and temporal feedback in laboratory conditions, skill level, and type of skill had no significant effect on the energy consumption and perceived pressure in inexperienced participants.

https://mbsp.sbu.ac.ir/article_101642_414fa9a808e92d037350f93c8aa3c8c9.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Sports Psychology 2676-3729 13 2 2021 09 23 The Impact of Guided imagery on Competitive Anxiety and Perceived Stress of Girls Basketball Players The Impact of Guided imagery on Competitive Anxiety and Perceived Stress of Girls Basketball Players 143 155 101644 10.48308/mbsp.6.2.143 FA Maryam Salehi Faculty of sport sciences, Urmia university, Urmia, Iran. Amin Amini Department of knowledge and cognitive intelligence, Imam Hossein University, Tehran, Iran Zahra Nemati Faculty of physical education, Tehran university, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2020 11 30 Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of guided imagery on competitive anxiety and perceived stress in girls basketball players. Methods: The present study was quasi-experimental with pre-test design, post-test. The statistical population of the present study included female basketball students of the University of Tehran who were physically and neurologically healthy and none of them were familiar with guided visual training. Forty people randomly selected and divided into two groups (experimental and control groups). In this study, the experimental group received guided imagery training for four weeks, three sessions per week and each session for 50 minutes, but the control group did not received psychological training. Subjects were tested by Cohen's Perceived Stress Questionnaire (1983) and Bischart's Competitive Anxiety Questionnaire (2009). Data was analyzed by analysis of covariance. Results: The results showed that perceived stress and competitive anxiety between the experimental and control groups were significant (P ≥ 0.001), and this method can be used to reduce perceived stress and competitive anxiety of basketball athletes. Conclusion: guided imagery exercises had a significant effect on the selected psychological variables and this method can be used to reduce perceived stress and competitive anxiety of basketball athletes. Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of guided imagery on competitive anxiety and perceived stress in girls basketball players. Methods: The present study was quasi-experimental with pre-test design, post-test. The statistical population of the present study included female basketball students of the University of Tehran who were physically and neurologically healthy and none of them were familiar with guided visual training. Forty people randomly selected and divided into two groups (experimental and control groups). In this study, the experimental group received guided imagery training for four weeks, three sessions per week and each session for 50 minutes, but the control group did not received psychological training. Subjects were tested by Cohen's Perceived Stress Questionnaire (1983) and Bischart's Competitive Anxiety Questionnaire (2009). Data was analyzed by analysis of covariance. Results: The results showed that perceived stress and competitive anxiety between the experimental and control groups were significant (P ≥ 0.001), and this method can be used to reduce perceived stress and competitive anxiety of basketball athletes. Conclusion: guided imagery exercises had a significant effect on the selected psychological variables and this method can be used to reduce perceived stress and competitive anxiety of basketball athletes.

https://mbsp.sbu.ac.ir/article_101644_d2cf64fdb25f6cb9068e5813b9c1e7fe.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Sports Psychology 2676-3729 13 2 2021 09 23 The effectiveness of resilience training on the cognitive flexibility of taekwondo women The effectiveness of resilience training on the cognitive flexibility of taekwondo women 157 168 101801 10.48308/mbsp.6.2.157 FA Marzeyeh Hajipour Department of psychology, Faculty of Literature, Humanities and Social Sciences, Islamic Azad university Tehran Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran Javad Eynypour assistant professor of psychology, Faculty of organizational resources sciences and techniques, Tehran, Iran. Journal Article 2020 12 21 Purpose: Resilience is considered one of the greatest capabilities of the present age. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of resilience training on cognitive flexibility of female taekwondo athletes in Karaj. Methods: This research was a quasi-experimental research and applied in terms of purpose. The statistical population of this study included all female taekwondo athletes in Karaj. At first, clusters of several clubs were randomly selected and then, with the implementation of Dennis and Venarval's cognitive flexibility questionnaire (2010), individuals with low cognitive flexibility were identified. Then , among them, 32 people were selected and replaced as a sample in two experimental and control groups (16 people in each group) by simple random sampling. After implementing the resilience training protocol for 12 sessions of 45 minutes, the questionnaire was administered again as a post-test for both groups. Analysis of covariance was used to analyze the findings. Results: The test results showed that the effect of intervention on the dependent variable of cognitive flexibility was significant. Conclusion: Resilience training increases people's flexibility due to the development of real experiences, empirical study of thoughts and helping to correct thoughts. Purpose: Resilience is considered one of the greatest capabilities of the present age. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of resilience training on cognitive flexibility of female taekwondo athletes in Karaj. Methods: This research was a quasi-experimental research and applied in terms of purpose. The statistical population of this study included all female taekwondo athletes in Karaj. At first, clusters of several clubs were randomly selected and then, with the implementation of Dennis and Venarval's cognitive flexibility questionnaire (2010), individuals with low cognitive flexibility were identified. Then , among them, 32 people were selected and replaced as a sample in two experimental and control groups (16 people in each group) by simple random sampling. After implementing the resilience training protocol for 12 sessions of 45 minutes, the questionnaire was administered again as a post-test for both groups. Analysis of covariance was used to analyze the findings. Results: The test results showed that the effect of intervention on the dependent variable of cognitive flexibility was significant. Conclusion: Resilience training increases people's flexibility due to the development of real experiences, empirical study of thoughts and helping to correct thoughts.

https://mbsp.sbu.ac.ir/article_101801_9b669a0b77e57995ebe7e4c36bcf476b.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Sports Psychology 2676-3729 13 2 2021 09 23 The Relationship Between Athletic Identity with Fear of Failure and fail of Soccer Clubs Players:The Mediating Role of Moral Intelligence The Relationship Between Athletic Identity with Fear of Failure and fail of Soccer Clubs Players:The Mediating Role of Moral Intelligence 169 187 101709 10.48308/mbsp.6.2.169 FA Iman Safaei Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Education, Birjand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Birjand, Iran Nasim Shanavaei Asl PhD Student, Department of Sports Management, Sari Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran Journal Article 2020 05 13 The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between sports identity and fear of failure of football club players mediated by moral intelligence. This research was a descriptive correlational study. The statistical population of this study was 255 football players of Birjand League sports clubs. instruments included the Moral Intelligence , the Performance Fear Assessment,, the Failure, and the Sports Identity Questionnaire. modeling method with a path analysis approach was used. The results showed that sports identity has a significant effect on fear of failure through the mediating variable of moral intelligence. Also, the analysis of the direct effects of the predictor variable on the criterion variables showed that sports identity has a negative effect on fear of failure. It was described that the effect of this effect on the feeling of failure was significant but was not significant on the variable of fear of failure . The results showed that the effects of total sports identity through the mediating variable of moral intelligence on fear of failure and failure were negative and significant. Conclusion: Therefore, the results confirmed the important and decisive mediating role of moral intelligence in the relationship between the two variables of sports identity with fear of failure in football players. Therefore, strengthening moral values and, consequently, increasing moral intelligence, causes the athlete to understand more about his sports identity, and as a result, reduces his fear of failure. . The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between sports identity and fear of failure of football club players mediated by moral intelligence. This research was a descriptive correlational study. The statistical population of this study was 255 football players of Birjand League sports clubs. instruments included the Moral Intelligence , the Performance Fear Assessment,, the Failure, and the Sports Identity Questionnaire. modeling method with a path analysis approach was used. The results showed that sports identity has a significant effect on fear of failure through the mediating variable of moral intelligence. Also, the analysis of the direct effects of the predictor variable on the criterion variables showed that sports identity has a negative effect on fear of failure. It was described that the effect of this effect on the feeling of failure was significant but was not significant on the variable of fear of failure . The results showed that the effects of total sports identity through the mediating variable of moral intelligence on fear of failure and failure were negative and significant. Conclusion: Therefore, the results confirmed the important and decisive mediating role of moral intelligence in the relationship between the two variables of sports identity with fear of failure in football players. Therefore, strengthening moral values and, consequently, increasing moral intelligence, causes the athlete to understand more about his sports identity, and as a result, reduces his fear of failure. .

https://mbsp.sbu.ac.ir/article_101709_d7803d7d0eae4b27a47faa9fad15d2d8.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Sports Psychology 2676-3729 13 2 2021 09 23 Effectiveness of Commitment and Acceptance Therapy and Self-Compassion Therapy on Physical Activity and Body Mass Index in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Effectiveness of Commitment and Acceptance Therapy and Self-Compassion Therapy on Physical Activity and Body Mass Index in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes 188 203 105547 10.48308/mbsp.208874.0.12 FA Sadaf Mafhoom PhD student in health psychology, Department of Health Psychology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran. Mehdi Dehestani Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran. Fatemeh Mohammadi Shirmahaleh Assistant Professor, Department of Health Psychology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran. Parisa Peivandi Assistant Professor, Department of Health Psychology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran. Journal Article 2021 01 27 Purpose: This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of commitment and acceptance therapy and self-compassion therapy on physical activity and body mass index in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: The study utilized a semi-experimental design with a pre-test-post-test-follow-up structure, including a control group. The statistical population consisted of overweight individuals with a body mass index of 25-35, who visited a research laboratory in Tehran during the fall and winter of 2020. Out of these individuals, 45 participants were selected using convenience sampling and randomly assigned to either the experimental or control group. The research tools used were the Body Mass Index and Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile. After 8 sessions of 90-minute acceptance and commitment-based therapy and 8 sessions of 90-minute self-compassion therapy, the research data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance. Results: The findings revealed that both commitment and acceptance-based therapy and self-compassion therapy were effective in improving physical activity and body mass index (P<0.05). Furthermore, there was no significant difference in effectiveness between the two therapies on physical activity and body mass index (P<0.05). Conclusion: Both commitment and acceptance-based therapy and self-compassion therapy are equally effective in enhancing physical activity and reducing body mass index in patients with type 2 diabetes. Purpose: This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of commitment and acceptance therapy and self-compassion therapy on physical activity and body mass index in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: The study utilized a semi-experimental design with a pre-test-post-test-follow-up structure, including a control group. The statistical population consisted of overweight individuals with a body mass index of 25-35, who visited a research laboratory in Tehran during the fall and winter of 2020. Out of these individuals, 45 participants were selected using convenience sampling and randomly assigned to either the experimental or control group. The research tools used were the Body Mass Index and Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile. After 8 sessions of 90-minute acceptance and commitment-based therapy and 8 sessions of 90-minute self-compassion therapy, the research data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance. Results: The findings revealed that both commitment and acceptance-based therapy and self-compassion therapy were effective in improving physical activity and body mass index (P<0.05). Furthermore, there was no significant difference in effectiveness between the two therapies on physical activity and body mass index (P<0.05). Conclusion: Both commitment and acceptance-based therapy and self-compassion therapy are equally effective in enhancing physical activity and reducing body mass index in patients with type 2 diabetes.

https://mbsp.sbu.ac.ir/article_105547_8e9f17115ee59cb409a5cacc511eb3b4.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Sports Psychology 2676-3729 13 2 2021 09 23 Normalization of the 8-point scale of passion in sports Normalization of the 8-point scale of passion in sports 204 214 102845 10.48308/mbsp.2021.223792.1054 FA Reza Nikbakhsh Department of Physical Education, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2021 09 18 The purpose of this study was to standardize the 8-item scale of passion in sports. Considering that the present study determines the reliability and validity of the passion scale in sports, the research design is in terms of the type of research development, which was analytical and correlational. The statistical population of the present study consisted of all female athletes in Baharestan city (421 people). Two hundred people were selected according to the Cochran formula. This study used the passion scale of Sigmundson et al. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to evaluate the construct validity of the questionnaires and model fit indices were used to evaluate the model. The results showed that all the indicators related to the scale of desire have a factor load higher than 0.4. Therefore, they have an acceptable factor load and t values and they are considered as appropriate indicators. Therefore, the construct validity of the passion scale is confirmed. Also, the passion scale with a variance of 0.51 and combined reliability (Dillon-Goldstein coefficient) was 0.88. Therefore, convergent validity is an approved measure of passion. In addition, Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the passion scale was 0.90, which indicates that the reliability of this scale is desirable. Therefore, the reliability of the passion scale is confirmed. The purpose of this study was to standardize the 8-item scale of passion in sports. Considering that the present study determines the reliability and validity of the passion scale in sports, the research design is in terms of the type of research development, which was analytical and correlational. The statistical population of the present study consisted of all female athletes in Baharestan city (421 people). Two hundred people were selected according to the Cochran formula. This study used the passion scale of Sigmundson et al. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to evaluate the construct validity of the questionnaires and model fit indices were used to evaluate the model. The results showed that all the indicators related to the scale of desire have a factor load higher than 0.4. Therefore, they have an acceptable factor load and t values and they are considered as appropriate indicators. Therefore, the construct validity of the passion scale is confirmed. Also, the passion scale with a variance of 0.51 and combined reliability (Dillon-Goldstein coefficient) was 0.88. Therefore, convergent validity is an approved measure of passion. In addition, Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the passion scale was 0.90, which indicates that the reliability of this scale is desirable. Therefore, the reliability of the passion scale is confirmed.

https://mbsp.sbu.ac.ir/article_102845_786ffc44b220796f9eaebb67106176ce.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Sports Psychology 2676-3729 13 2 2021 09 23 Structural Equation Modeling for Predicting Social Anxiety in Students based on Early Maladaptive Schemas: With a Mediating Role of Self-Acceptance and Physical Activity Structural Equation Modeling for Predicting Social Anxiety in Students based on Early Maladaptive Schemas: With a Mediating Role of Self-Acceptance and Physical Activity 215 225 105944 10.48308/mbsp.2021.105944.2235 FA Seyed Mohammad Ebrahim Montazeri Mc in Clinical Psychology, Department of Psychology, Qom Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran. Anis Khoshlahjeh Sedg 2. Assistant Professor, Department of Clinical Psychology, Qom Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran. Journal Article 2020 04 24 Purpose: The aim of this study was to predict the social anxiety in students based on early maladaptive schemas, with self-acceptance and physical activity as mediating factors. Methods: This study was applied with a correlational method. The statistical population included all student at Qom Branch of Islamic Azad University, with 320 participants selected through convenience sampling. Research instruments used were the Social Phobia Inventory, the Young Schema Questionnaire (1998), Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile and the Unconditional Self-Acceptance Questionnaire. Structural equation modeling was conducted using fit indices and SPSS and AMOS software. Results: The results indicated that social anxiety in student athletes can be predicted based on early maladaptive schemas, with self-acceptance (P=0.001, Z=3.73) and physical activity (P=0.001, Z=4.11) playing mediating roles. Conclusion: Based on these findings, it is recommended to develop educational programs aimed at identifying and modifying early maladaptive schemas in student athletes. Purpose: The aim of this study was to predict the social anxiety in students based on early maladaptive schemas, with self-acceptance and physical activity as mediating factors. Methods: This study was applied with a correlational method. The statistical population included all student at Qom Branch of Islamic Azad University, with 320 participants selected through convenience sampling. Research instruments used were the Social Phobia Inventory, the Young Schema Questionnaire (1998), Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile and the Unconditional Self-Acceptance Questionnaire. Structural equation modeling was conducted using fit indices and SPSS and AMOS software. Results: The results indicated that social anxiety in student athletes can be predicted based on early maladaptive schemas, with self-acceptance (P=0.001, Z=3.73) and physical activity (P=0.001, Z=4.11) playing mediating roles. Conclusion: Based on these findings, it is recommended to develop educational programs aimed at identifying and modifying early maladaptive schemas in student athletes.

https://mbsp.sbu.ac.ir/article_105944_2bf1b6eafa3cdccf46dff127f5e11011.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Sports Psychology 2676-3729 13 2 2021 09 23 Examining the Causal Relationships Between Perfectionism and Self-Compassion: The Mediating Role of Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies in Physically Inactive Students Examining the Causal Relationships Between Perfectionism and Self-Compassion: The Mediating Role of Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies in Physically Inactive Students 226 238 106439 10.48308/mbsp.2021.1005.1169 FA Zahra Jannesari MS in Clinical Psychology, Department of Psychology, Rudehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rudehen, Iran. Mina Mojtabaei Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, Rudehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rudehen, Iran. Journal Article 2020 05 21 Purpose: This study investigated the causal relationships between perfectionism and self-compassion, with cognitive emotion regulation strategies as a mediating variable, among university students with low physical activity levels. Methods: Employing a descriptive-correlational design with an applied purpose, the study population consisted of all students at Islamic Azad University, Najafabad Branch during the 2019-2020 academic year. A convenience sample of 200 students was selected. Participants completed three validated instruments: the Self-Compassion Scale (Neff, 2003), the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (Garnefski et al., 2001), and the Positive and Negative Perfectionism Scale (Terry-Short et al., 1995). Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Results: The analysis revealed significant mediating effects of cognitive emotion regulation strategies. The relationship between negative perfectionism and self-compassion through positive emotion regulation strategies was significantly negative (β = -0.058, p < 0.05). Furthermore, the relationship between negative perfectionism and self-compassion through negative emotion regulation strategies was also significantly negative (β = -0.253, p < 0.01). Conclusion: The findings indicate that among physically inactive students, perfectionism exerts a negative influence on self-compassion, and this relationship is mediated by cognitive emotion regulation strategies. These results suggest that interventions aimed at increasing physical activity levels and improving emotion regulation skills may help mitigate the adverse effects of perfectionism on self-compassion. Purpose: This study investigated the causal relationships between perfectionism and self-compassion, with cognitive emotion regulation strategies as a mediating variable, among university students with low physical activity levels. Methods: Employing a descriptive-correlational design with an applied purpose, the study population consisted of all students at Islamic Azad University, Najafabad Branch during the 2019-2020 academic year. A convenience sample of 200 students was selected. Participants completed three validated instruments: the Self-Compassion Scale (Neff, 2003), the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (Garnefski et al., 2001), and the Positive and Negative Perfectionism Scale (Terry-Short et al., 1995). Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Results: The analysis revealed significant mediating effects of cognitive emotion regulation strategies. The relationship between negative perfectionism and self-compassion through positive emotion regulation strategies was significantly negative (β = -0.058, p < 0.05). Furthermore, the relationship between negative perfectionism and self-compassion through negative emotion regulation strategies was also significantly negative (β = -0.253, p < 0.01). Conclusion: The findings indicate that among physically inactive students, perfectionism exerts a negative influence on self-compassion, and this relationship is mediated by cognitive emotion regulation strategies. These results suggest that interventions aimed at increasing physical activity levels and improving emotion regulation skills may help mitigate the adverse effects of perfectionism on self-compassion.

https://mbsp.sbu.ac.ir/article_106439_3b7e9e13035e9755ff4cfa4c8e7217e2.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Sports Psychology 2676-3729 13 2 2021 09 23 Psychometric Properties of Questionnaire on Body Awareness of Postural Habits in Young People (Q-BAPHYP): The Persian Version Psychometric Properties of Questionnaire on Body Awareness of Postural Habits in Young People (Q-BAPHYP): The Persian Version 239 250 106806 10.48308/mbsp.2021.106806.1019 FA Yadollah Azadi Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Education, Farhangian University, P.O. Box 14665-889, Tehran, Iran. Zahra Mardaneh MS in General Psychology, Department pf Psychology, Shahr-e-Qods Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahr-e-Qods, Iran. Journal Article 2020 05 09 Purpose: The present study was conducted to investigate the psychometric properties (validity and reliability) of the Persian version of the Body Awareness of Postural Habits Questionnaire for Youth (Q-BAPHY). Methods: The statistical population of the study included 150 students aged 15 to 18 years from Tehran province, who were selected through convenience sampling and completed the Q-BAPHYP. This questionnaire consists of 35 questions and four components on a 5-point Likert scale. To assess temporal reliability, 40 individuals were selected and retested after a two-week interval. Confirmatory factor analysis based on structural equation modeling was used to examine construct validity, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to determine internal consistency, and the test-retest method was used for temporal reliability. Results: The results of the confirmatory factor analysis indicated a good fit for the Persian version of Questionnaire on Body Awareness of Postural Habits in Young People (Q-BAPHYP) (indices: C.F.I = 0.90, G.F.I = 0.91, RMSEA = 0.042, P.N.F.I = 0.66). The overall internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha coefficient) of the questionnaire was 0.913, and the internal consistency of its components ranged from 0.901 to 0.925. The temporal reliability of the entire questionnaire was 0.89, and for its components, it ranged from 0.81 to 0.87. Conclusions: The Persian version of Questionnaire on Body Awareness of Postural Habits in Young People (Q-BAPHYP) has appropriate validity and reliability and can be used as a suitable instrument. Purpose: The present study was conducted to investigate the psychometric properties (validity and reliability) of the Persian version of the Body Awareness of Postural Habits Questionnaire for Youth (Q-BAPHY). Methods: The statistical population of the study included 150 students aged 15 to 18 years from Tehran province, who were selected through convenience sampling and completed the Q-BAPHYP. This questionnaire consists of 35 questions and four components on a 5-point Likert scale. To assess temporal reliability, 40 individuals were selected and retested after a two-week interval. Confirmatory factor analysis based on structural equation modeling was used to examine construct validity, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to determine internal consistency, and the test-retest method was used for temporal reliability. Results: The results of the confirmatory factor analysis indicated a good fit for the Persian version of Questionnaire on Body Awareness of Postural Habits in Young People (Q-BAPHYP) (indices: C.F.I = 0.90, G.F.I = 0.91, RMSEA = 0.042, P.N.F.I = 0.66). The overall internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha coefficient) of the questionnaire was 0.913, and the internal consistency of its components ranged from 0.901 to 0.925. The temporal reliability of the entire questionnaire was 0.89, and for its components, it ranged from 0.81 to 0.87. Conclusions: The Persian version of Questionnaire on Body Awareness of Postural Habits in Young People (Q-BAPHYP) has appropriate validity and reliability and can be used as a suitable instrument.

https://mbsp.sbu.ac.ir/article_106806_369388e3afbf8989de8ca46c96b4389a.pdf